Introduction to planting techniques of Hippophae rhamnoides

Hippophae rhamnoides, also known as vinegar willow, yellow acid thorn, acid thorn willow, etc., is a deciduous shrub plant belonging to Hippophae rhamnoides of Elaeagnus family. It has high cultivation value, drought resistance and sand resistance. It can survive on saline-alkali land and is widely used for soil and water conservation. Hippophae rhamnoides is widely planted in northwest China for desert greening. Its fruit has high vitamin C content and is known as the king of vitamin C. Let's take a look at Hippophae rhamnoides planting technology together!

Growth Habits of Hippophae rhamnoides

Hippophae rhamnoides is a positive tree species, likes light, and is not very strict with soil requirements. It is distributed in corn soil, gray calcium soil, brown calcium soil, meadow soil and black protective soil. It can also grow in gravel soil, mild saline soil, sandy soil, and even in soft sandstone and semi-stone soil areas, but it does not like too heavy soil. There are certain requirements for precipitation, generally in the annual precipitation of 400 mm or more, but do not like water. The temperature requirements are not very strict, the extreme minimum temperature can reach-50℃, the extreme maximum temperature can reach 50℃, and the annual sunshine hours are 1500~3300 hours.

Propagation Technique of Hippophae rhamnoides L.

1. Sowing: Soak seeds before spring sowing, row spacing 10~15 cm, depth 3 cm. One week after emergence, when the first pair of true leaves appeared, began to thin seedlings, when the fourth pair of true leaves appeared, the second thinning, plant spacing maintained 5 cm. Autumn sowing should be carried out in late autumn, after sowing ridge surface cover, winter watering freezing, the next year emergence.

2, cuttage: cuttage selection of medium mature growth branches, insertion period from mid-June to August is not good, insertion time row spacing is (10~15)×(5~10) cm. Transplanted in spring of the second year, row spacing was (30~60)×(15~17) cm. Afforestation with 1~2 years asexual propagation seedlings, planting density is better, row spacing 4×2 meters.

Cultivation Techniques of Hippophae rhamnoides

1. Growth cycle: Hippophae rhamnoides growth is divided into seedling stage, fruit-hanging stage, vigorous fruit stage and decline stage. Within two years after planting, it mainly grows underground, and the above-ground part grows slowly. In 3~4 years, it grows vigorously and begins to bear fruit. The adult Hippophae rhamnoides tree is 2~2.5 meters high and the crown width is 1.5~2 meters. The fifth year enters the vigorous fruit stage. Generally, the age of the Hippophae rhamnoides enters the decline stage after 15 years.

2. Planting density: about 220 seabuckthorn trees are planted per mu, and the plant spacing is 1.5×2 meters. Hippophae rhamnoides is dioecious, pay attention to the reasonable proportion of male and female when planting, generally 8 female plants with 1 male plant, the size of the tree hole specifications seedlings, generally 35 cm in diameter, 35 cm deep, seedling age to biennial tender cuttings is good.

3. Tree pruning: Hippophae rhamnoides trees should be cleaned and cut off diseased branches and dead branches in time, and the callus antiseptic film should be applied to the cut wound in time to promote wound healing and prevent infection by germs. In the bud stage, young fruit stage and fruit expansion stage, strong fruit pedicle spirit should be sprayed to thicken fruit pedicle, prevent flower drop, improve pollination ability, improve fruit setting rate and speed up expansion speed.

4. Promoting flower differentiation: The size of Hippophae rhamnoides fruit hanging year makes the tree body bear imbalance, which not only affects the balanced income, but also affects the health of the orchard tree body. It is necessary to brush the No. 2 flower bud differentiation period once a year, which can greatly promote flower bud differentiation, improve the flowering and fruit setting rate, inhibit the crazy growth of shoots, and completely balance the size of the year.

5. Disease control: The main disease of Hippophae rhamnoides is dry shrinkage disease. When planting, disease-resistant varieties should be selected. At the same time, field management should be strengthened, regular loosening should be carried out, soil permeability should be enhanced, and the disease resistance of plants should be improved. Chemical control began in late April, and the holes were irrigated with 500 times solution of 40% carbendazim or 800 times solution of thiophanate-methyl once a month for 3~5 consecutive times.

6. Pest control: Common pests of Hippophae rhamnoides include spring geometrid, apple leaf roller moth, seabuckthorn aphid and stem borer willow moth, etc. In the occurrence period of spring geometrid and apple leaf roller moth, spray 2500 times solution of 25% Mimekill or 3000 times solution of 20% Sumekill, and spray 2500~3000 times solution of 10% imidacloprid to control seabuckthorn aphid.

7, timely harvest: Hippophae rhamnoides fruit maturity period to the unique color and fruit size as a sign and determine the harvest period, due to the long thorn, fruit small, thin and easy to break, fruit stalk short can not naturally fall off, bring many difficulties to the harvest, so the labor used in harvesting almost 90% of the cultivation of Hippophae rhamnoides labor.

8, preservation technology: Hippophae rhamnoides fruit storage conditions are very strict, just harvested Hippophae rhamnoides fruit such as temporarily can not be sold, must be stored for a short time. Fruit storage must be kept at low temperature, ventilation and can eliminate harmful gases environment, storage temperature of 1~5℃ is appropriate, the relative humidity of the air should be maintained at 90~95%.

Relationship between Chinese herbal medicine cultivation and climatic conditions

Climate factors mainly include illumination, temperature, precipitation and so on.

(1) Light and Chinese Herbal Medicine

1. The ecological effect of light on medicinal plants Because various medicinal plants are in different light conditions for a long time in their phylogenetic process, they form adaptability to various light intensities. Therefore, according to the different requirements of different kinds of medicinal plants for light intensity, plants are divided into three categories:

(1)Photophilous plants (male plants) require a sunny environment, if the lack of light, the plant is weak, poor growth, low yield. Such as: rehmannia root, astragalus root, safflower, cassia seed, radix adenophora, paeonia lactiflora and other Chinese herbal medicines are light-loving plants.

(2)Shade-loving plants (shade plants) prefer shady environments and cannot tolerate intense sunlight. Such as ginseng, American ginseng, coptis, asarum, etc. The cultivation of this kind of Chinese herbal medicine needs artificial shade or planting in the shade under the forest.

(3)Shade-tolerant plants It is the middle type of the first two plants, in good light or slightly shaded conditions can grow, not subject to special damage, such as asparagus, coltsfoot, dwarf lilyturf, etc.

The same plant in different growth and development stages of light intensity requirements are also different. Such as schisandra chinensis, dangshen, magnolia bark, etc. in the seedling stage or early transplant afraid of strong light, must pay attention to short-term shade.

2. Response of medicinal plants to light Flower bud differentiation, flowering and fruiting, development of underground storage organs, dormancy and deciduous leaves of many plants are significantly correlated with the duration of day and night. This response to light exposure is called photoperiodicity. Because all kinds of medicinal plants grow in different lighting conditions for a long time, they have different requirements for lighting time. Only when this light condition is met can they grow normally. Of course, this characteristic of plants with different requirements for light time can also be changed under human control. According to the requirements of various medicinal plants for the length of light, plants can be divided into the following three categories:

(1)Long-day plants bloom or promote flowering under longer than a certain length of day (critical day length), but do not bloom or delay flowering under shorter days, such as fennel, gardenia, pyrethrum, etc.

(2)Short-day plants promote flowering under shorter than a certain day length (critical day length), but do not flower under longer days, such as perilla, rehmannia, etc.

(3)In the sunshine plants on the length of light there is no strict requirements, such as palm leaf Pinellia ternata, safflower and so on.

It should be pointed out here that the so-called critical day length is not defined by the 12-hour light dark signal, nor is it an absolute value required for the length of sunlight, but depends on a minimum or maximum threshold value required for each plant. For example, the critical day length of the long-day plant hyacinth is 11 hours, and that of hibiscus is 12 hours. These characteristics of plants have important significance in introduction and cultivation, such as introduction from south (short day high temperature condition) to north (long day low temperature condition), often appear growth period and mature period delay phenomenon, so early maturity varieties should be introduced. And vice versa.

3. Light Saturation Point and Light Compensation Point

(1)The photosynthetic rate of plants increased with the increase of light intensity at light saturation point under certain light intensity. However, when the light intensity exceeds a certain range, the photosynthetic rate slows down. When it reaches a certain light intensity, the photosynthetic rate does not accelerate with the increase of light intensity and reaches a stable value. At this time, the light intensity is called the light saturation point.

(2)Light compensation point If the light intensity decreases, the photosynthetic rate will slow down. When the light intensity decreases to a certain extent, the photosynthetic intensity is equal to the respiratory intensity. Photosynthesis is to absorb carbon dioxide to produce organic matter, while respiration is to release carbon dioxide and consume organic matter. When the absorbed carbon dioxide and exhaled carbon dioxide reach a dynamic equilibrium, that is, the production of nutrients is equal to the consumption of nutrients. The light intensity when the dynamic equilibrium is reached is called light compensation point. Plants accumulate dry matter only above the light compensation point. When planting Chinese herbal medicine, it is necessary to adjust the light reasonably according to the lighting habits of different Chinese herbal medicines, so that the light intensity is not greater than the light saturation point and not lower than the light compensation point.

4. Rational close planting and stereoscopic cultivation of Chinese herbal medicine are important measures taken by human beings to improve the utilization rate of light energy. The so-called "light utilization rate" refers to the ratio of the light consumed by the plant to the total light irradiated to the leaves. At present, under normal circumstances, people can only use 0.1% to 1%~2% of the annual radiant energy obtained per unit area, which shows that the utilization of light energy is still insufficient.

Rational close planting: The requirement is to ensure that both the maximum development of plant populations, but also to make each individual to obtain sufficient light. Because photosynthesis is mainly carried out through plant leaves, and in a certain range, leaf area size and yield are positively correlated, so in order to make the yield per unit area high, we should ensure sufficient leaf area, but leaf area should not be too large. If it exceeds a certain range, the leaves shade each other, but will reduce the average photosynthetic rate of the total leaves. The density of planting can be determined by leaf area coefficient and leaf angle.

① Leaf area coefficient is the ratio of total leaf area of plant population to land area. The optimum leaf area coefficient varies with plant species and growth stages. In production, the suitable sowing quantity and planting density are often determined according to the dynamic analysis of leaf area coefficient during the whole growth process of plants.

Leaf angle In order to improve the light utilization efficiency of crop population, not only an optimum leaf area, but also an appropriate leaf angle and direction should be found. For example, whether the leaves are vertically distributed or horizontally arranged has an important relationship with photosynthesis, because the arrangement of leaves directly affects the amount of light received by leaves. If only the leaf area is large, but the arrangement is not good, shading each other, it will not be able to fully utilize the light and affect the yield.

(3) dense planting is important in reasonable dense planting. The more plants planted, the better. On the contrary, dense planting exceeds the limit, which will reduce production or even harvest nothing. Different plant planting density is different, slender body can be appropriate dense, such as coix seed, schizonepeta to be denser than peony. Even if the same plant, due to different cultivation purposes, the density should also be different. Generally, the harvest of vegetative bodies is more dense than that of fruits and seeds. The same plant in different areas, due to climate, soil, water, fertilizer conditions are different, the density of cultivation should also be different. For example, rehmannia root has the highest yield at 90000 plants per hectare in Henan Province and the highest yield at 150000 plants per hectare in Beijing. For the same crop, under the same conditions in the same area, the thinning density is different due to different cultivation measures. For example, if Achyranthes bidentata is planted with wide row and short plant spacing, the individual plant and the whole population grow well, thus achieving the goal of high yield. In a word, density should be determined according to plant characteristics and cultivation needs according to local conditions.

(b) temperature and herbal medicine temperature refers to the air and soil temperature during plant growth. Temperature is affected by latitude, altitude and season. The difference in average temperature between the coldest month and the hottest month of the year is called the annual range. The difference in temperature changes during the day is called daily temperature difference. Generally speaking, the daily temperature difference and annual range increase from south to north, and increase from southeast coast to northwest inland. Because soil heat transfer is slower than air, the temperature change is small.

1. The relationship between temperature and growth and development of medicinal plants The change of temperature directly affects the photosynthesis and respiration of plants. Under normal circumstances, photosynthesis and respiration are strengthened with the increase of temperature. But they also have a minimum and maximum temperature, and different plants have different requirements for these three temperatures. Generally, the temperature of photosynthesis of plants is optimal at 25~35℃. Above this temperature, the photosynthetic intensity decreases, and photosynthesis stops completely at 40~50℃.

Photosynthesis is the production (synthesis) of organic matter, whereas respiration, on the contrary, is the decomposition (consumption) of organic matter. Therefore, high temperature during the day and low temperature at night (large daily temperature difference) are conducive to the accumulation of organic matter. In winter, the high temperature at night in the greenhouse will affect the growth of plants. The highest temperature, optimum temperature and lowest temperature in the process of plant growth and development are called temperature three basic points.

Different plants or different developmental stages of the same plant have different requirements for temperature. For example, coca, Rauvolfia, etc. need a high temperature period of 20~40℃ for early development, while ginseng, Radix Glehnia, etc. need a low temperature stage of 0~20℃, otherwise the plant cannot grow normally.

Temperature also has great influence on dormancy and germination of various plants. The germination temperature of various plants also has its lowest, optimum and highest three basic points. The relationship between plant species and conditions of origin can also be found from the optimum temperature and baseline temperature of plant germination. The temperature change also has the very big influence to the plant transpiration and the moisture absorption. The combination of higher atmospheric temperature, which increases water expenditure by plants, and lower soil temperature, which reduces water absorption by plants, can have a very adverse effect on plants.

2. Different species of medicinal plants have different requirements for temperature. According to plant growth habits and different origins, plants can be divided into tropical, subtropical, temperate and cold zone plants and other four categories.

(1)Tropical plant our country tropical plant distributes in Taiwan, Hainan and Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan southern tropical area. In these areas, the average temperature of the coldest month is above 16℃, the extreme minimum temperature is not lower than 5℃, and there is no frost and snow all year round. Tropical medicinal plants are: Amomum villosum, nutmeg, sterculia, areca, coca, clove, benzoin and so on. These medicinal plants like high temperature. When the temperature drops to 0℃ or below, they will suffer from freezing injury or even death.

(2)Subtropical plants in China's subtropical plants are mostly distributed in the central, southeastern and southwestern provinces of subtropical areas. The coldest months in these areas range from 0 to 16 ° C on average, and frost and snow are rare throughout the year. Subtropical medicinal plants such as panax notoginseng, magnolia bark, citrus and camphor, etc., like warm, tolerant of mild frost.

(3)Temperate plant our country temperate plant distributes in tropics, the vast area that subtropics north more. The coldest monthly average temperature in these areas is above 0℃, and there are also below-25℃, such as Heilongjiang area. There are many kinds of medicinal plants in this area. They like mild to cold weather and are generally resistant to frost and cold. Among them, figwort, chuanxiong, safflower, rehmannia, fritillary bulb and yanhusuo like mild climate, while ginseng, coptis, rhubarb, angelica and so on require cold climate.

(4)Cold zone plants China has no cold zone areas, only the western region has alpine mountains, perennial snow, these areas have snow lotus growth.

Water is an important component of plant cells, and its protoplasm contains more than 80% water. The water content of tender stems, young roots, etc. can reach more than 90%, and there is no plant without water. Water is an important raw material for plant synthesis of organic matter; it is an important medium for plant metabolism. Without water to dissolve all nutrients, metabolism cannot proceed. Water is the regulator of organ movement. Because water has the highest specific heat, the largest gasification heat and the larger thermal conductivity, it can cool down when it is hot and slow when it is cold, which can play an important role in resisting natural disasters.

Plants in nature also have a high degree of adaptability to water conditions and a variety of adaptation methods, thus forming a variety of different types.

1. Early plants such as cacti, seabuckthorn, aloe, agave, licorice, Ephedra, etc. This kind of medicinal plants have developed root system, or have good structure to inhibit transpiration, developed water storage structure and guidance organization, etc., and have remarkable drought resistance ability, so they are suitable for cultivation in areas with high dry terrain and little rain.

2. Aquatic plants such as water lily, lotus and other root systems are extremely underdeveloped, there is no structure to inhibit transpiration, the conduction tissue is declining, and the aerenchyma is particularly developed, so they generally cannot leave the aquatic environment.

3. Wet plants such as alisma orientalis, arrowhead, calamus, italy, etc. Humid plants have shallow root system, few and short lateral roots, weak structure and conducting tissue inhibiting transpiration, and developed aerenchyma, which is suitable for growth in swamp, river beach, low-lying land, valley forest and other environments.

4. Most medicinal plants belong to this category, such as rehmannia, Fritillaria thunbergii, Rhizoma Corydalis, etc. Mesophytes have more developed roots, conducting systems, mechanical organization, and various structures for regulating transpiration than hygrophytes, but not as well as xerophytes. They wither easily in drought conditions and are prone to waterlogging when there is too much water. Therefore, proper irrigation and drainage can effectively improve the yield and quality of medicinal materials in the process of cultivation of this kind of plants.

(4) Air, wind and Chinese herbal medicine The air referred to here refers to the general term for all gaseous substances in the atmosphere and soil near the ground. These gaseous substances often have an effect on plants.

1. The relationship between the growth and development of medicinal plants in the air on the growth and development of medicinal plants have a relationship with the composition of oxygen, carbon dioxide, moisture, dust and factory waste gas.

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a necessary raw material for plant photosynthesis, and its content is gradually increasing with the development of industry, generally at 0.03%. The carbon dioxide content in soil is relatively high, generally between 0.15% and 0.65%. When the content is high to 2%~3%, it is harmful to the respiration of roots and has toxic effects. Studies have shown that, in general, the concentration of photosynthetic carbon dioxide is optimal at about 1%. In plastic film greenhouse, air containing 800~1200 ml/m3 of carbon dioxide was introduced into groups such as Cassia obtusifolia and soybean (flowering to seed maturity) from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. every day, and their seed yield could be increased by 40%~50%.

Oxygen is the essential gas for plant respiration. The oxygen content in soil air is very small and variable, which often becomes the limiting factor for plant respiration underground.

Moisture affects the temperature of the air, a large amount of waste gas from factories (sulfur dioxide, hydrogen ammonia, etc.), smoke and dust will seriously affect the growth and development of medicinal plants. Some Chinese herbal medicines can absorb toxic gases and reduce environmental pollution. For example, a hectare of Cryptomeria fortunei can absorb 720 kg of sulfur dioxide a year. Citrus trees also have a strong ability to absorb sulfur, up to 0.8% of leaf weight. Cloves, oleander, star anise and other traditional Chinese medicine leaves also have a strong ability to absorb sulfur. Cloves and oranges can also absorb harmful gas atmosphere and hydrogen fluoride.

2. The relationship between wind and the growth and development of medicinal plants; wind is the movement form of air. Wind has many effects on the growth and development of medicinal plants. It is a factor that determines the operation of ground heat (cold and hot air mass) and water (dry and humid air mass). Some winds have a direct impact on plants, such as typhoon, land and sea breeze, mountain breeze and valley breeze.

Wind-pollinated plants rely on the breeze for pollination. The fruits and seeds of many plants rely on the wind to spread in order to reproduce or expand the breeding area. The breeze is good for preventing slight frost.

The direct harm of wind is to damage or break the branches and leaves of plants and cause falling flowers and fruits to make plants lodge. When sowing, if the wind is strong, the seeds are not easy to be sowed evenly, and the seedlings emerge sparsely and unevenly. The indirect harm of wind is to change the temperature and humidity of the air, which can make the soil dry, lower the ground temperature, blow away the fine soil, and so on. All these are disadvantageous to the growth of medicinal plants. Controlling and preventing the harm of avoiding wind is of great significance to soil and water conservation and the creation of favorable microclimate.

A list of wild bonsai materials in northern China the popularity of bonsai is low in northern China, and many people are interested in it, but they don't know where to start. China is very rich in bonsai resources, and there are also many bonsai materials in the north. As long as you look carefully, it is not difficult to find many available tree species. Here, according to personal experience and collected data, the wild tree species of bonsai in northern China are introduced as follows for beginners' reference.

Elm: it is very common and familiar all over the country. Although the commonly used varieties of hammer elm are not grown in the north, local varieties can be used to make bonsai, and the effect is good. If the leaves are too large, remove the first stubble leaves, and the resulting leaves will naturally become smaller.

Bauhinia: the growth range is also very common, mostly clustered on Xiangyang slopes, with lilac flowers in summer and palmate leaves with a special smell. After years of cutting and decay, it will form a grotesque root plate, which is a good material for withered peak bonsai and easy to cultivate.

Huang Yan: that is, the kind of shrub that looks at red leaves in Xiangshan, Beijing. Most of the shrubs grow high in the northern mountains, which are resistant to cold, drought and water stains. The disadvantage is that the leaves are larger.

Betula platyphylla: a common deciduous tree in the North, with a beautiful posture, which is often depicted in literary works. Japan and South Korea have been used to make bonsai.

Goose-eared mackerel: of the same family as Betula platyphylla, deciduous shrubs with oval leaves, which were first used in bonsai production in Beijing. Wide distribution, strong sex, easy to cultivate.

Five-pointed maple: it is the most hardy variety of maple in China, with five-split leaves and seed Yuanbao shape, so it is also called Yuanbao maple. Tiananmen Square has been used for greening, widely distributed in Northeast, North China, Northwest and other places.

Small-leaf rhamnus: of the same family as sparrow plum, similar in appearance, deciduous shrubs, spiny branches, blue-black small fruit, common in northern mountain areas, mostly born between rocks and rocks, trees extremely hardy, can make up for the defect of no sparrow plum in the north.

Tamarix: also known as Guanyin willow, branches and leaves like cypress and graceful, Henan is used for bonsai production, forming a unique local characteristics, the northwest desert is often used to prevent wind and fix sand, which shows the strength of nature.

Baila: deciduous trees, odd-pinnate compound leaves, golden autumn, all over the north.

Welcome spring: early spring woody flowers, brilliant golden yellow is the first to give people the joy of spring. Creeping on the ground, green branches fall to the ground and take root.

Forsythia: with Yingchun of the same family and large branches and leaves, a lot of wild, seeds are blindly traditional Chinese medicine, early spring flowers are golden and lovable, sowing, pressing, cutting can be raised.

Leaflet cloves: deciduous shrubs, flowers and leaves are small, can be called rare cloves, purple flowers in late spring, but the branches are more scattered.

Canary: also known as Caragana, Caragana, etc., small shrubs, branches with thorns, extremely cold and drought-resistant, bean-shaped golden flowers in late spring, very pleasing to the eye.

Hemp leaf hydrangea: deciduous shrubs, mostly born by the river, shady and wet-tolerant, beautiful branches and leaves, umbrella-shaped white flowers in late spring.

Chinese wolfberry: distributed from south to north, deciduous shrubs, spiny branches, blue flowers, oblong red fruits. Long life, like sunshine, resistant to drought.

Hippophae rhamnoides: deciduous shrub, leaves like willow and small, not very elegant, but dense autumn fruit, dark yellow color. There is also a variety of red fruit in Qinghai, which is as colorful as fiery thorns, but no one has yet tried to make bonsai.

Hawthorn: deciduous small trees, spiny branches, wild varieties of fruit leaflet broken more suitable for bonsai, do not like fat.

Begonia: widely distributed, many varieties, can watch the flowers and fruits, using grafting techniques, can bear fruit earlier.

Apricot trees: widely distributed, blooming is a scene in the north, making bonsai can reproduce the artistic conception of "spring on the branches of red apricot".

Mountain peach: small tree with smaller leaves than hairy peach, white flowers in early spring, flowering earlier than mountain apricot, and apricot can be used as plum rootstock, has not been made bonsai.

Wild pear: there are everywhere, flowers and leaves with hair, very gorgeous.

Pine and cypress category: there are many varieties, generally can be used for bonsai, local materials can be used everywhere, the courage to practice. * * some experience can be gained with Tianshan Platycladus orientalis in Taian, Taishan Platycladus orientalis in Taian and local shrimp and pine in Northeast China.

Most of the above belong to the front line inside and outside the Great Wall in the three northern regions, and there are even more varieties in the Yellow River basin. In short, bonsai materials are not fixed, as long as they are suitable for local conditions and can make bonsai with a certain sense of artistic beauty, they can be boldly adopted.