Introduction to the methods of propagation and breeding of bergamot

Bergamot is a shrub or small tree of the citrus genus of Rutaceae. it is a tropical and subtropical plant that likes a warm, humid and sunny environment. It is planted in various places south of the Yangtze River in China, and most of the provinces in the south are cultivated in courtyards or orchards, which are usually used as traditional Chinese medicine. or as an ornamental plant because of its peculiar fruit shape, it has high cultivation value. Let's take a look at how to cultivate bergamot seedlings.

Air striping

Aerial striping propagation of bergamot is suitable to be carried out from May to July. Excessively high branches or branches with stable fruit are selected, cut obliquely up and down under the branches, deep to the pulp, put the scratched branches on the felt, tie the lower part tightly, fill the tube with soil, fasten the upper part, and set up a pillar. Water it every day. When the temperature is high and the water is sufficient, it can take root in 20-30 days. If there is bergamot fruit on the pressed branch, it must wait for the fruit to mature yellow for about 90 days before it can be cut off from the mother plant.

Grafting propagation

1. Leaning grafting method: in August to early September, the rootstock selects 4-year-old 5-year-old plants with a diameter of 2 cm and 3 cm in diameter, cutting off branches under some branches of the stem base, leaving only one branch, and then cutting off some of the cortex on one side of the branches, and then select the branches that occurred in spring or autumn last year as scions, which are similar in thickness to rootstocks, with a length of 5 cm. The lower part of the cortex is also cut off on the lower side of the scion, and then the section of the rootstock is leaned against the section of the scion, so that the two sides are closed and the middle is fastened with plastic film, which can heal after about a week.

2. Ventral grafting: in the early and middle of March, the rootstock was cut flat at 5 cm above the ground, polished with a grafting knife, and the smooth part was selected as an oblique section with a depth of 1 cm to 1.5 cm. The scion should have 2-3 buds, and the lower end should be cut into a wedge 1-1.5 cm long, then cut one side of the rootstock straight with the scion, closely insert it into the cut of the rootstock, bind it with plastic film, and generally merge and sprout and grow after half a month. At this time, the soil must be loosened and weeds must be removed. 45-60 days later, start to shoot, at this time must remove the bandage, otherwise the new shoot is easy to bend.

Cuttage propagation

1. Cuttings: 7-8-year-old mother trees should be selected before cutting, old and healthy branches that grow vigorously and free from diseases and insect pests should be cut off, leaves and top shoots should be cut off, cuttings that grow 17-20 cm should be cut, the survival rate of cuttings is more than 90%, and the seedlings are also growing healthily. No young tree branches or only long branches can be used, because such branches are often not easy to bear fruit after planting.

2. Soil preparation: the cuttage nursery bed of bergamot had better choose the sandy soil with thicker soil in order to collect seedlings in the future. After the cutting land is selected, it is necessary to deep plough and rake fine, and apply human and animal dung water at the same time, and then make a high border 1.3 meters wide, usually about 30 centimeters wide and 20 centimeters deep.

3. Cuttage: it can be cut from February to March in spring and from August to September in autumn, and autumn cutting is the best. When inserting, open a horizontal trench on the border with a distance of 23 to 27 centimeters, and insert the cuttings into the trench according to the plant spacing of 15 to 17 centimeters, which should not be inserted, usually requiring about 12000 to 15000 cuttings per mu. After insertion, the soil is compacted so that a bud at the front shows the surface of the soil, and the dry soil should be drenched with water.

4. Management: bergamot should be watered and irrigated at any time after insertion, and a shed should be built to cover the shade. Rain Water should do a good job of drainage. When the seedling is 7-10 cm high, remove the weak seedlings in clusters, leaving only one strong seedling per plant. Weeding in time, topdressing light human and animal dung water or ammonium sulfate for 3 times, cultivation for one year can be transplant.

A brief talk on the propagation and breeding of bergamot melon

Bergamot melon, also known as fist melon, towel melon, pear dishes, etc., is a perennial climbing herb of Cucurbitaceae bergamot, which is currently cultivated more than one year in northern China. There are mainly two varieties: White skin and green skin. Bergamot melon is very popular because of its storage resistance, transportation resistance, few diseases and insect pests and unique flavor. Bergamot melon originated in Mexico and the West Indies. After it was introduced into China, it was mainly cultivated in the south for a long time. In recent years, with the adjustment of planting structure and the continuous improvement of cultivation facilities, the cultivation of bergamot melon has developed rapidly in the north, and some of the cunning began to develop towards a large-scale and intensive trend. it has become an important way for farmers to develop their economy and increase their income.

The structure of bergamot is different from that of ordinary melons. Each melon has only one seed. When the seed is ripe, it almost occupies the whole chamber, making it difficult to separate the seed from the fruit. If the seed leaves the melon, it is not easy to germinate and survive. What's more, you can't store the seeds in the sun as ordinary melons do. Combined with the techniques of breeding and breeding in recent years, the author is arranged as follows, for reference only.

1. Whole melon reproduction

That is, the whole melon is used as the sowing material for reproduction. This mode of reproduction is the most basic and most widely used at present. It is easy to breed strong seedlings by this method, but because of the large volume of planted melons, there are many inconveniences in storage, transportation and so on, especially in the case of a large number of seedlings. As well as the loss caused by decay caused by poor excavation of temperature and humidity in a series of environments such as storage, budding, seedling breeding and so on.

There are three basic links in this method: first, to select the right kind of melon, which requires no damage, no frost damage, good maturity and a weight of about 200-300g. The second is to speed up the budding. When sprouting, the selected melon is usually packed in a plastic bag or buried in wet sand, and the relative water holding capacity of the sand is kept at about 75%. Generally, hold it with your hands without touching your hand, hold it hard, and the temperature can be controlled at 15-20 degrees Celsius. However, attention should be paid not to increase the temperature blindly during the budding period, lest the buds are weak and not strong. In about 15 days, the tip of the melon will crack and grow sparse roots one after another. The third is to strengthen the management of seedlings.

A small amount of seedlings are generally raised in flowerpots with a diameter of 20-30cm or plastic bags with holes in the bottom, while a large number of seedlings are generally raised in seedbeds. The specific method is to sprout the melon with the germination end up and the handle end down, and plant it directly or obliquely on the seedling bowl or seedling bed. In the northern region, the temperature of solar greenhouse and plastic greenhouse in winter can be controlled at about 10-30 degrees, which is an ideal place for raising seedlings. After planting, we should pay attention to heat preservation and moisturization. the temperature is excavated at about 20 degrees before emergence and dropped to 12-15 degrees after emergence to facilitate the cultivation of strong seedlings. If the seedlings grow, they can pick out the heart in 4-5 leaves and retain 1-2 strong lateral branches.

2. Naked seed reproduction

Also known as light embryo propagation, that is, the use of bare seeds without seed coat for reproduction. When propagated by this method, the seedling emergence is fast and the seedling emergence rate is high, and it is convenient for transportation. after cutting naked seeds, the melon can still be used economically, which is more suitable for intensive seedling cultivation. However, the technical requirements of this method are relatively strict. At present, due to the lack of introduction of the method in general technical data and insufficient popularization, there is little practical application in production. Using this method to raise seedlings, we can first put the selected melon in an environment of about 20 degrees to promote germination. When the embryo base grows to about 3cm, gently break the suture at the beginning, use aseptic tweezers to move the embryo, and then take it out and plant it on the seedling bowl or seedling bed. The seedling stage management is the same as above.

Three cuttage propagation

The propagation method is carried out on the basis of whole melon seedling. At present, there are two main cutting methods: one is to make use of the clustered nature of bergamot melon plants, that is, many cluster buds can be grown from one bergamot melon. When the cluster buds grow to about 10cm, the buds will be cut off with the mother and whisker root with a knife. In order to improve the survival rate of shoots, they can be treated with rooting agents and then planted and cultured individually. The other is to raise bergamot seedlings ahead of time to cultivate strong seedlings with multi-lateral vines, then cut the seedlings into segments, each segment with 2-3 nodes, treated with indole acetic acid or rooting agent, cuttings are raised in the seedling bed. The above cutting propagation is economical and feasible, but it is very strict in the process of management. the seedlings often grow weakly, the adult yield is low, and there are few applications in growth at present. In the early stage of seedling growth, attention should be paid to strengthening fertilizer and water management to promote early and rapid seedling development.

The propagation method of golden bergamot the method of raising seedlings of Jinhua bergamot is carried out in the way of asexual propagation. the main methods are cutting, grafting, high branch pressing, tissue culture and so on. Because bergamot is parthenocarpy and there are no seeds in the fruit, it is impossible to raise seedlings through sexual reproduction under natural conditions. The propagation method of bergamot can be divided into two methods: cutting and grafting: (1) the branch of Jinhua bergamot is easy to take root, and it can be cut in three seasons a year. This method has the advantages of high survival rate, fast growth, and can bear fruit in 20 months under the technical guidance, and the method is simple and cheap. But the life span is short, generally about 15 years the plant begins to decline and die of old age. 1. To build a seedbed, if you want bergamot to be good, healthy seedlings are the most important. Only strong seedlings can grow good trees, and trees can bear good fruit. "half of the harvest is good." this is a basic experience we have learned from our long-term practice. To cultivate bergamot seedlings, we must do a good job in seedling bed, seed selection, cutting, management and so on. The nursery bed is the hotbed for breeding bergamot seedlings. We must choose the land which is leeward to the sun, sufficient light, rich water source, conducive to drainage and irrigation, loose soil, non-toxic and pollution-free, favorable for transplanting and easy to manage. The area of the seedbed should be determined according to the number of bergamot branches, more should be done, and less should be done so as to save land and labor. After the location and area of the seedbed are determined, the soil should be deeply ploughed and leveled, and the soil should be broken as carefully as a girl embroidery, the thinner the better, to remove weeds and make a seedbed with a width of 100-120 cm, a height of about 20 cm and an unlimited length, and then cover the surface of the seedbed with 2 cm thick red sand or yellow sand (figure 2). Red sand or yellow sand generally contain few weed seeds to prevent the breeding of weeds. The suitable cutting density is the distance between 5~10cm. In order to make the seedbed non-toxic, pollution-free and weed-free, black film can be used to cover the seedbed instead of red sand or yellow sand, and then cut and spray water, such as covering the seedbed with black film in hot summer, and applying 65% shading net on the seedling bed to prevent the black film from absorbing a lot of heat and scald cutting techniques. Black film has the effect of heat preservation and moisturizing, promotes cuttings to take root, and the root system is developed and strong, so weeding can be avoided. 2. Selection of cuttings as the saying goes, "Dragons give birth to dragons, chickens give birth to phoenixes, mice give birth to burrows in the ground", which shows that it is very important to choose improved varieties and cultivate them. The choice of cuttings must be four to four; old branches, not twigs, new branches, strong branches, not weak branches, residual branches, healthy branches, not diseased branches. Green seed, not white seed and yellow seed. Young twigs, weak twigs, residual twigs, diseased branches, white bark and yellow bark are bad branches. It not only has a long growing period, but also is not easy to hang fruit. The so-called old branch refers to the mature branch that can hang fruit on the golden bergamot tree, and it is better to cuttage the stout one-year-old branch. This branch can blossom and bear fruit after two years of cultivation. To collect cuttings according to the above requirements, the length of each branch is about 710 cm, that is, 3 to 5 leaves are a section (too long and wasteful, too short is not easy to survive). When cutting, it is required to clear with one knife and leave no leeway. Some of the leaves on the branches retain two or three leaves, and some leave none. According to practical experience: "keep the cuttings with two or three leaves, put the roots first and then sprout, and the cuttings without leaves sprout first and then take root." 3. Cutting time and operation of bergamot cuttings are mainly concentrated in spring and summer, combined with pruning work, spring is from March to April every year, and spring pruning after bergamot leaves the shed; summer pruning is carried out from the end of July to early August (usually completed before the Beginning of Autumn). Use the pruned branches, select the stout branches without diseases and insect pests as cuttings, remove leaves, thorns, cut and grow 8-10cm cuttings, cuttings with more than 3 bud holes. Generally after 15 to 20 days, the seedlings have taken root, from white root to yellow root, the survival rate is high. The picked branches can maintain a certain humidity, and they can be stored for about 10 days and still survive 95%. When collecting branches, the scissors should be sharp and cut with one knife, so that the shear surface can be kept flat and the survival rate of shear surface injury is low. 4. according to the growth habits of bergamot, seedling management focuses on temperature and humidity, diseases and insect pests, removal of weeds and so on. ⑴ sunlight is the energy source of photosynthesis in seedling leaves. However, when the sun is strong and the temperature is above 40 ℃, the seedlings are prone to sunburn, so it is necessary to build a simple shade (figure 4), which is ventilated on all sides and covered with pine branches or shade nets at the top to prevent the sun from exposure. When the temperature is below 0 ℃, the young seedlings are prone to frostbite and need to do anti-freezing facilities for overwintering, and the overwintering shed is made of rice stalks covered with bamboo strips and nylon film. ⑵ watering with a spray can to spray water evenly, do not splash water, so that the soil to maintain a certain degree of moisture. But not too wet, as long as the soil is not dry and white. Waterlogging should be prevented and trenches should be dug to drain water on cloudy and rainy days. Too much or too little water can affect the growth of seedlings, and in serious cases, it will lead to seedling failure. Weeding and fertilizing weeds in ⑶ not only consume nutrients, but also harm the growth of seedlings. They must be pulled out frequently, never let them grow and grow, so that the seedbed is refreshing and refreshing. Only seedlings but no weeds can be seen. Use your hands to pull out the weeds carefully when weeding, and do not hurt the roots of the seedlings. If the black film is spread on the seedling bed when cutting, the cuttings directly cut through the black film into the soil, the black film can play a role in preventing weeds, and the weeding work can be avoided. The root system of bergamot is distributed in the shallow surface, and the root can secrete organic acid, which dissolves the minerals in the soil, which is beneficial to the root absorption, and there is no need to apply more fertilizer during the seedling period. When the new shoots of seedlings mature, you can use a small amount of farm fertilizer or compound fertilizer, look at the seedlings to apply fertilizer, not heavy fertilizer. ⑷ diseases and insect pests. If diseases and insect pests are found and allowed to spread, it will do a lot of damage. For control measures, please refer to "Pest Control".