Cultivation techniques of Violet

Violets are native to the Mediterranean coast. It is widely cultivated in southern China. Any of various plants of the genus Violet of Cruciferae. Also known as sweet-scented osmanthus, grass violets, is a cruciferous violet genus of annual, biennial or perennial herbs, is one of the famous flowers in Europe. The plant is 20mm in height and 70cm in height and the whole plant has gray-white stellate pilose. Stem erect, much branched. Leaves alternate, rectangular orbicular or oblanceolate, 3mm long. Raceme terminal or axillary, bilateral potato chips saccate, pedicel stout, flower diameter 2 cm, petals 4, long claws, petals spread into a cross shape. Flowers are purplish red, light red, light yellow, white and so on, slightly fragrant. The flowering period varies from variety to breed, with spring violets blooming in April and May, summer violets blooming from June to August, and autumn violets from July to September. It has the effect of moisturizing skin, removing wrinkles and spots. It is not only suitable for people who love beauty to drink, but also effective for sore throat, bronchitis, constipation and removing bad breath (such as better effect with lavender).

Sowing and seedling raising

The optimum temperature for seed germination is about 16-20 ℃, generally used for sowing, the sowing bed soil should be screened, the seedling substrate should be soft and breathable, the bottom water should be watered with a spray pot, and then the seeds should be sown dry. The seeding amount is about 5g per square meter, and the top is covered with fine soil 0.5cm. Such as sowing seeds on a seedling tray. The seedling tray is placed in a place of shade and rain proof. if the water retention of the bed soil is poor, cover it with plastic film or glass after covering the soil. The dried seeds emerged in about 4-6 days. After emergence, the shade should be removed gradually to make it see the light. Rainstorms should be prevented at the seedling stage. Violet root regeneration ability is poor, conditional cultivation of seedlings in containers, and early transplantation. Each contains 1-2 seedlings with a container diameter of 8-10 cm. As the weather gets colder, the greenhouse or arch shed should be properly strengthened to facilitate the growth of seedlings. The soil of the bed is always kept wet. The seedlings should be placed on the south side of the greenhouse to obtain strong light and large temperature difference, which can prevent overgrowth. When there are 8-10 leaves, 2-3 plants are planted in a pot with a diameter of 26.7cm, and the seedlings can endure-5 ℃ low temperature, avoid high temperature and heat, and the optimum temperature for growth is 15-18 ℃ during the day and 10 ℃ at night. Like light, but also slightly resistant to semi-overcast and drought. It is fond of fertile and loose bed soil, and the bed soil is suitable for Ph5.5-7.5. When 6-8 true leaves of seedlings are watered, two different colors of leaves will appear. The yellowing leaves will be removed and only the plants with dark green leaves will be planted. Neutral or slightly acidic loam is required.

When the temperature is 20-25 ℃ during the day and no less than 5 ℃ at night, it takes about 120-150 days from sowing to flowering in autumn. The seeds are sown in the cold regions of the north in August and in other areas in September, so that they can blossom around the Spring Festival. In order to arrange the flower beds in spring, the northern cold regions should sow seeds from December to January, which can reduce the days of raising seedlings and reduce the cost of raising seedlings. The grafting for cut flowers is planted in the protected cultivation bed; autumn sowing in warm areas is used to move the flower bed into the cold bed in spring to survive the winter. High-growth species should pick their hearts at the seedling stage, and the sowing time should be arranged, such as sowing in early July, flowering in the middle of October, suitable varieties should be selected for summer, and suitable varieties include wind dance, snow dance, spring dance, yellow dance and so on. When winter violets had 8 true leaves, the flower buds differentiated for about 20 days at low temperature of 5-15 ℃. After flower bud differentiation, sunshine growth can accelerate the development of flower buds at 5-10 ℃, but some varieties can still bloom normally under 7 hours of short day light. Secondly, in order to increase the proportion of double flowers, preliminary selection can be made before transplanting seedlings. The cotyledons of double flowers are broad oval and more serrated, while the cotyledons of single flowers are short oval and less serrated. Or when the cotyledons unfold, the seedling disk is moved to the environment of 4-8 ℃. After about 8 days, the leaves with light green color are double flower seedlings, and the dark green ones are single flower seedlings. The seed life of double flower is longer than that of single petal, and sowing with seeds stored for more than 2 years tends to increase double-petal plants.

Under normal circumstances, violets are sown from February to May, and the optimum temperature for germination is 20 to 26 ℃. Light is needed for germination and can be germinated in 4 to 9 days in the germination chamber. The suitable temperature for growth is about 18 ℃, the seedling stage is 7 to 8 weeks, and flowering is 8 to 11 weeks after potting. During the growing period, it is very resistant to light, but shade should be paid attention to under strong light in summer, and concentrated exposure to strong light will wither some varieties.

Techniques of each growth period in seed and seedling production

1. From sowing to radicle growth (4 to 9 days), there is no need to cover after sowing. The suitable substrate temperature is 20 to 26 ℃, the pH value is 5.0 to 5.5, and the EC value is less than 0.75. the substrate should be kept moist all the time during the germination period, but must not be saturated.

2. To the appearance of the first true leaf (11 to 16 days), the substrate temperature should be kept at 18 to 24 ℃ and the humidity should be moderate. However, in order for the seeds to germinate well, the substrate should be slightly dried before watering. The matrix pH values were 5.2 to 5.6, and the EC values were less than 1.0. There should be plenty of light, but avoid direct sunlight in summer. When the cotyledons are fully expanded, potassium nitrate or calcium nitrate is applied. After the whole seedling, the root was irrigated or sprayed with methyl topiramate, a broad-spectrum fungicide, to control diseases such as blight and root rot.

3. To mature seedlings (21 to 28 days), the optimum substrate temperature is 16 to 24 ℃, the air relative humidity is less than 80%, and the light is sufficient. Dry the substrate before watering, but avoid permanent wilting of the plant, which is beneficial to root growth. The pH value of the matrix is kept between 5.2 and 5.8, and the EC value is less than 1.5. Potassium nitrate or calcium nitrate fertilizer is applied alternately at this stage. Fertilization and watering can be carried out alternately to control plant height. Pay attention to the prevention and control of nematodes, ground flies and other plant root pests, you can use line phosphine, omethoate and other pesticides to irrigate the roots.

4. Seedling refining (7 days) the substrate temperature is controlled at 14 to 20 ℃, the air relative humidity is less than 70%, and the substrate is fully dried before watering. The pH value of the matrix is kept between 5.2 and 5.6, and the EC value is less than 0.75. Under the condition that the plant is not short of fertilizer, fertilizers containing potassium nitrate or calcium nitrate are applied once a week.

Cultivation techniques of finished Violet Flower

1. Soil: Persian violets are suitable for planting in light peat soil with a humus content of 45 to 65%. The soil needs to be slightly fertile, the structure is loose, and poor air conditions can easily lead to root problems. The pH value of soil is 5.0 to 6.5 and the EC value is 1.5 to 2.0. Too high pH value will lead to nutrient deficiency.

2. Moisture: keep the plant moist regularly during the growing period, but avoid watering too much, otherwise it will easily lead to root diseases. Watering is best infiltrated from below, so that the surface of the substrate can be kept dry for a long time, which can effectively reduce the threat of pests such as ground flies and black flies.

3. Fertilizer: only a small amount of potassium nitrate or calcium nitrate is applied, and fertilization can be carried out alternately with pouring water.

4. Light: Persian violets need a certain amount of light to bloom and are very resistant to light, but shade is needed when the light intensity exceeds 75000lux, otherwise the plant will grow poorly.

5. Growth regulation: about 3 weeks after potting, growth regulators can be used, such as B9, ALan, A-Rest and so on. The degree of need in treatment varies from variety to variety, but it must be used repeatedly.

6. Diseases and insect pests: diseases are easy to occur, such as root rot and Botrytis cinerea. 50% methyl topiramate or 50% carbendazim can be used to control root rot. Botrytis cinerea is controlled with 1500 times of 5% Puhai wettable powder or 1500 to 2000 times of 50% Sukeling wettable powder. Insect pests include aphids, thrips, leaf miners, etc., which are respectively controlled with 2000 times of 10% net wettable powder, 1.8% of 3000 times of Alftin EC and 1000 to 1500 times of 75% phoxim EC.