Control techniques of grape diseases and insect pests

Grape is a woody vine of the grape family, which is native to western Asia and is now cultivated all over the world, but about 95% of the grapes in the world are concentrated in the northern hemisphere. the main common diseases in the process of grape cultivation are black bean disease, powdery mildew, powdery mildew, powdery mildew and aphids. Let's take a look at the prevention and control techniques of grape diseases and insect pests.

Grape anthracnose

1. Symptoms: grape anthracnose can infect fruits, branches, leaves and tendrils. There are small brown round spots in the infected area, which are gradually enlarged and sunken, and concentric wheel-like near-circular lines are produced on the disease spot, and neatly arranged small black spots are produced. These black spots are conidial discs, which leak pink colloidal conidium in wet weather. The disease spot can extend to the whole fruit surface, and the diseased fruit gradually shrinks into stiff fruit, and sometimes the whole ear shrinks into whole ear stiff fruit.

2. The regularity of the disease: generally, the disease can invade from June, the peak period is from July to August, and the disease becomes more and more serious in the near mature period. According to the observation in Suzhou, the diseased fruit appeared in the second half of Xiehua (about June 10-15), which became the first peak of incidence in the whole year. Around August 10, due to a large number of fruit ripening, every muggy thunderstorm, the disease entered the peak period, is the most serious damage in the whole year.

3. Prevention and control methods

① thoroughly removed diseased ears, diseased vines and diseased leaves to reduce the source of bacteria. In the south of the Yangtze River, it can be bagged immediately after Xiehua.

② strengthens the cultivation management, timely rectifies, binds the vine, picks the heart, makes the shelf surface ventilated. Increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer.

During the sprouting stage, ③ sprayed 0.3% pentachlorophenol sodium plus 4-degree stone sulfur mixture, or 150x fumarate, or 100x bacillus as a scavenging agent.

④ has been sprayed since late April in the south and late May in the north. After that, it is generally sprayed every 10 to 15 days. It can spray 80% anthrax 700 times, 50% chlorothalonil 600 times, 50% chlorhexil or mancozeb 800 times. There are many Rain Water in the south, and adhesives such as "6501" 1500 times or 0.03% 0.05% leather glue are added to the liquid.

Grape white rot

The main results are as follows: 1. Symptoms: the light brown water-immersed nearly round disease spot appeared on the diseased part of the fruit stem and ear axis, and the gray-white small granular conidia appeared on the diseased grain and ear axis disease part in the later stage. When the humidity was high, the gray-white conidia overflowed from the conidium, the diseased fruit was easy to fall off, and the diseased fruit was brown or gray when it dried and shrunk. At the initial stage of the disease, the disease spot on the branches showed water-immersed light brown disease spot with uncertain shape, and most of the disease spot longitudinally expanded into brown sunken spots, and the epidermis produced gray-white conidia, showing granular shape. In the later stage, the longitudinal fissure of the epidermis was separated from the xylem, and the vascular bundles were brown and hemp-like. When the disease spot spread to a circle of branch epidermis, the upper branches withered and died. Leaf disease mostly occurs in the edge of the leaf, primary brown water immersion irregular disease spot, gradually expanded into a slightly round, brown wheel pattern.

2. The regularity of the disease: it is suitable to occur at 28 to 30 ℃ and when the atmospheric humidity is more than 95%. The illness was serious in the high temperature, high humidity and rainy season, and the incidence peak appeared after the rain. In the north, the disease can occur from June to harvest, and the incidence increases during the fruit coloring period, and reaches a peak after the storm. The disease is serious near the ground and under the conditions of heavy soil viscosity, low-lying terrain and poor drainage, the disease is easy to occur when weeds are overgrown, branches and leaves are airtight or humidity is high, and overgrown and overgrown plants are easy to occur.

3. Prevention and control methods

① thoroughly removes diseased branches, ears and leaves.

② pruning in time, raising the fruiting part, weeding in time, paying attention to drainage, and forbidden to apply nitrogen fertilizer before flowering.

③ northern grapes were sprayed with 5-degree stone-sulfur mixture or 100-fold chlorothalonil after being unearthed, and the young fruit stage (in June) was sprayed every 15 days or so until harvest. In the south, it is necessary to grasp the control work during the inflorescence separation period (from late April to early May), 7 days after flowering, and half a month before maturity. The main medicaments are half-amount, equal or double Bordeaux solution, 75% chlorothalonil 800-fold solution, 50% carbendazim wettable powder 700-fold solution, 70% thiophanate 700-fold solution or 50% carbendazim 800-fold solution.

The incidence of ④ white rot on Jufeng grape is relatively mild, and it is possible to develop varieties whose maturity is earlier than Jufeng in the south, or to avoid the peak of white rot disease by promoting cultivation.

Grape downy mildew

1. Symptoms: grape downy mildew is mainly harmful to leaves, new shoots and young fruits. The injured part of the leaves first produced small yellowish brown water-immersed spots with unclear edges, and the disease spots gradually expanded into irregular or slightly round yellow brown spots. The disease spot is reddish brown or yellowish brown, and in severe cases, the disease spot and the lateral leaves of the disease spot are dry or the whole leaf is dry, and lead to shedding. There are water-immersed brown spots in the injured parts of the new shoots. when the new shoots are serious, the new shoots are twisted, stop growing or even die, and frost-like mildew layers are produced on the disease spots when the humidity is high. Tendrils, petioles and rachis can also be killed. After the young fruit was damaged, the water-immersed light brown spots were produced. When the humidity was high, the gray-white mildew layer of the young fruit and Guodesheng was higher, and the secondary fruit suffered more seriously in autumn. The damage of the fruit was lighter after coloring.

2. The law of incidence: the disease is easy to occur in rainy, dewy and low temperature in autumn, poor ventilation in orchard, high humidity and more nitrogen fertilizer are beneficial to the disease. The disease can occur in June in the north, and the peak period is from August to September. In the south of the Yangtze River, there are 2 to 3 peaks in the whole year, the first in the Meiyu season and the second in mid-late August. In some years, there will be another peak from mid-September to early October.

3. Prevention and control methods

① removes fallen leaves, buries or buries diseased branches. Timely coring, pruning, drainage and weeding, and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.

Spraying should be started at the initial stage of the onset of ②. In the north, it is usually sprayed every 15 days from the first to the middle of June. The control effect of 25% Ruidu or domestic metalaxyl is the best, and the prevention and control effect is also better with 40% ethyl aluminum 300x solution, 90% ethyl aluminum 500x solution or 1JV 0.5VL 200x solution. In the south of the Yangtze River, in principle, the prevention and control of black pox can be carried out at the same time before early autumn, and Bordeaux solution has the best control effect before the disease occurs. For example, when downy mildew occurs, 25% metalaxyl 700 times or 90% ethyl aluminum 500 times should be sprayed in time.

Grape black pox

1. Symptoms: grape disease harms young green parts such as young shoots, new shoots, leaves and tendrils. When the young fruit is damaged, a small brown round spot appears on the face of the fruit, then expands gradually, and the center of the disease spot is gray-white. The new shoots, tendrils, petioles and fruit stalks were damaged, showing brown round or irregular spots at first, and then expanded to nearly oval. Ulcer spots are formed on the vines, and the diseased shoots stop growing, so that they wither, dry and blacken. Young leaves are damaged, initially showing needle-sized brown or black dots.

2. The law of disease: the pathogen overwintered with mycelium in the ulcer spot of diseased shoot, and could also overwinter in diseased fruit and disease scar, and produced conidia in May next year, which was transmitted by wind and rain for the first time. Long-distance transmission mainly depends on seedlings and cuttings. The disease can occur from the beginning of sprouting in spring to September.

3. Prevention and control methods

① combined with summer pruning or in the whole growing season, thoroughly cut off diseased shoots, removed diseased fruits and leaves, thoroughly cleaned dead branches and leaves after autumn pruning, concentrated burning and deep burial, in order to minimize the source of bacteria.

② should apply potash fertilizer reasonably to prevent overgrowth of plants, enhance tree potential and improve disease resistance. The shelf should be reasonable and keep good ventilation and light transmission conditions.

Before ③ spring plants are unearthed and germinated, spray pentachlorophenol sodium 200x solution, or 3x 5 Baumedu Shilu mixture, spray 0.5% chlorothalonil solution or 50% carbendazim solution 1000 times before and after anthesis, respectively.