Integrated technology of water and fertilizer

The technology of integration of water and fertilizer is a new agricultural technology which integrates irrigation and fertilization. The integration of water and fertilizer is that with the help of pressure irrigation system, the fertilizer liquid made by the blending of soluble solid fertilizer or liquid fertilizer and irrigation water can be uniformly and accurately transported to the soil of crop roots. By using the technology of irrigation and fertilization, the demand of the whole growth period can be designed according to the crop growth demand, and the water and nutrients can be provided directly to the crops in proportion.

Pressure irrigation has the forms of sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation. At present, the common form is the combination of micro-irrigation and fertilization, and most of them are drip irrigation, micro-spraying and fertilization. The micro-irrigation fertilization system is composed of four parts: water source, first hub, water transportation and distribution pipeline and irrigator. Water sources include: rivers, reservoirs, motor wells, ponds, etc.; the first hub includes motors, water pumps, filters, fertilizers, control and measuring equipment, and protection devices; water transmission and distribution pipes include main, trunk, branch, wool pipes and pipe control valves; emitters include emitters or sprinklers and drip irrigation belts.

Suitable range

This technology is suitable for fixed water sources such as wells, reservoirs and reservoirs, and the water quality is good and meets the requirements of micro-irrigation, and micro-irrigation facilities have been built or conditionally constructed. It is mainly suitable for the cultivation of field cash crops such as facility agricultural cultivation, orchard cultivation and cotton, as well as other crops with better economic benefits.

Technical key points

1. Selection of fertilization system for micro-irrigation.

Different micro-irrigation fertilization systems were selected according to water source, topography, planting area and crop types. Drip irrigation fertilization system is generally selected for protected field cultivation, open sweet potato vegetable cultivation and field cash crop cultivation, and Venturi fertiliser, pressure differential fertilizer tank or fertilizer injection pump are generally selected for protected areas. The orchard generally chooses the micro-spraying fertilization system, the fertilization device generally chooses the fertilizer injection pump, and where possible, we can choose the automatic irrigation and fertilization system.

2. Formulate the fertilization scheme of micro-irrigation.

(1) the determination of micro-irrigation system. The irrigation quota is determined according to the water requirement of planting crops and the precipitation during the crop growth period. The irrigation quota of open field micro-irrigation should be reduced by 50% compared with flood irrigation, and the irrigation quota of drip irrigation in protected land should be reduced by 30% and 40% compared with greenhouse border irrigation. After the irrigation quota is determined, the irrigation period, times and the amount of irrigation each time are determined according to the law of crop water demand, precipitation and soil moisture.

(2) the determination of fertilization system. There is a significant difference between micro-irrigation and traditional fertilization techniques. For a reasonable micro-irrigation fertilization system, the total amount of fertilizer, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and the ratio of bottom and topdressing fertilizer should be determined according to the law of fertilizer requirement of planted crops, the fertility level of land and the target yield. The fertilizer used as base fertilizer was applied before soil preparation, and the times and quantity of topdressing were determined according to the fertilizer demand characteristics of different crops in the growing period. The implementation of micro-irrigation fertilization technology can increase fertilizer utilization by 40% 50%, so the amount of fertilizer used by micro-irrigation is 50% and 60% of that of conventional fertilization.

Still take the protected cultivation of tomato as an example, the target yield is 10000 kg / mu, the total nutrient demand is 31.8 kg, P2O5:7.4 kg and K2O:4.83 kg per 1000 kg tomato, and the total nutrient demand is 31.8 kg, P2O5:7.4 kg and K2O:48.3 kg. Under protected cultivation conditions, the nitrogen use efficiency, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are 57%, 65%, 35%, 42% and 70%, respectively. The above yield should be 53.12kg / mu, 53.12kg / mu, P2O5:18.5 kg / mu and K2O:60.38 kg / mu.

2 kg (soil nutrient content is not calculated). Then, based on the nutritional characteristics of tomato, the fertilization scheme for each growth stage of tomato was worked out.

(3) the choice of fertilizer. The application of base fertilizer in micro-irrigation fertilization system is the same as traditional fertilization, which can include a variety of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers. However, the fertilizer variety of micro-irrigation and topdressing must be soluble fertilizer. Urea, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, potassium chloride and other fertilizers in line with national or industry standards have high purity, less impurities, no precipitation after dissolving in water, and can be used as topdressing fertilizer. Phosphorus supplement generally uses soluble fertilizers such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate as topdressing. Topdressing supplement trace element fertilizer, generally can not be used at the same time with phosphorus topdressing, so as to avoid the formation of insoluble phosphate precipitation, blocking emitters or sprinklers.

3. Matching technology

In order to implement the integrated technology of water and fertilizer, the techniques of improved crop varieties, pest control and field management should be applied, and the plastic film mulching technology should be adopted to form drip irrigation under plastic film, so as to give full play to the advantages of saving water and fertilizer. to achieve the purpose of increasing crop yield, improving crop quality and increasing benefit.

Implementation effect

1. Save water. The technology of integration of water and fertilizer can reduce water infiltration and evaporation and improve water use efficiency. Under open-air conditions, compared with flood irrigation, the water-saving rate of micro-irrigation is about 50%. Under the condition of protected cultivation, compared with border irrigation, drip irrigation saves 80-120 cubic meters of water per mu of greenhouse in one season, and the water-saving rate is 30% and 40%.

2. Saving fat. The integrated technology of water and fertilizer realizes balanced fertilization and centralized fertilization, reduces the volatilization and loss of fertilizer and the loss caused by excess nutrients, and has the advantages of simple fertilization, timely supply of fertilizer, easy absorption of crops, improvement of fertilizer utilization efficiency and so on. In the case of similar or the same crop yield, the integration of water and fertilizer saves 40% and 50% of chemical fertilizer compared with traditional fertilization.

3. Improve the micro-ecological environment. The integrated technology of water and fertilizer is adopted in protected cultivation.

First, it significantly reduces the air humidity in the shed. Compared with conventional border irrigation, the air humidity of drip irrigation can be reduced by 8.5-15%.

The second is to keep the temperature in the shed. Compared with conventional border irrigation, drip irrigation reduced the times of ventilation and humidity reduction and reduced the temperature in the greenhouse, and the temperature in the greenhouse was generally 2-4 ℃ higher, which was beneficial to crop growth.

Third, enhance the activity of microorganisms. Compared with conventional border irrigation, drip irrigation can increase the soil temperature by 2.7 ℃, which is beneficial to enhance soil microbial activity and promote crop nutrient absorption.

Fourth, it is beneficial to improve the physical properties of soil. Drip fertilization overcame soil consolidation caused by irrigation, soil bulk density decreased and soil porosity increased.

Fifth, reduce the leaching of soil nutrients and reduce the pollution of groundwater.

4. Reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. The reduction of air humidity has greatly suppressed the occurrence of crop diseases, reduced the input of pesticides and labor input for disease control, reduced the amount of pesticides per mu of micro-irrigation by 15% MUE 30%, and saved 15-20 labor.

5. Increase output and improve quality. The technology of integrating water and fertilizer can improve crop yield and product quality. Orchards generally increase production by 15% Mel 24% and protected cultivation by 17% Mel 28%. Taking cucumbers under protected cultivation in Yuanping City as an example, compared with conventional border irrigation, drip irrigation reduced abnormal melons by 21%, increased normal melon mu by 850kg, increased cucumber yield by 280kg per mu, and increased output value by 1356 yuan per mu.

6. Improve economic benefits. The technical and economic benefits of the integration of water and fertilizer include increasing production, improving quality and saving investment. The general mu of orchards save investment 300,400yuan, increase production and income 300,600yuan; protected cultivation saves 400,700yuan per mu, including 85,130yuan for water and electricity, 130,250yuan for fertilizer, 80,100yuan for pesticides, 150,200yuan for labor saving, and 1000 to 2400 yuan for increasing production and income.