200 questions for prevention and treatment of bovine disease! It's an absolute classic!

How to observe several normal physiological indicators of cattle? Appetite is the most reliable indicator of cow health. Under normal circumstances, as long as the disease is sick, the appetite of the cow will be affected first. It is very important to check whether there is any leftover feed in the feeding trough in the morning for early detection of disease. In addition, rumination is a good indicator of cow health. Healthy cattle ruminate for about 8 hours a day, especially at night. The normal temperature of adult cattle is 38~39℃, and that of calves is 38.5~39.8℃. Adult cattle breathe 15 to 35 times per minute and calves 20 to 50 times per minute. Generally, the pulse rate of adult cattle is 60~80 times per minute, that of young cattle is 70-90 times, and that of calves is 90~110 times. Normal cattle defecate 10 - 15 times a day and urinate 8 - 10 times a day. Healthy cow dung has appropriate hardness, cow dung is a section, but fattening cow dung is slightly soft, excretion frequency is generally a little more, urine is generally transparent, slightly yellow. 2. How to measure the temperature of cattle? The rectal temperature of cattle is usually measured. Before measuring temperature, first swing the mercury column of thermometer to below 35℃, and apply lubricant or water. The examiner stands right behind the cow, lifts the oxtail with his left hand, slowly inserts the thermometer into the anus with his right hand, clamps it on the hair at the root of the tail with the thermometer clamp, and takes it out after 3-5 minutes to check the reading. 3. How to observe cow cough? Healthy cattle usually do not cough, or cough only once or twice. Such as repeated cough, often sick. Coughs are usually classified as dry, wet and painful. Dry cough, crisp voice, short and dry, pain is more obvious. Dry cough is common in laryngitis, tracheal foreign body, tracheitis, chronic bronchitis, pleuropneumonia and tuberculosis. Warm cough, wet and long voice, blunt and turbid, cough from the nostrils out of a large number of nasal fluid. Wet cough is common in pharyngitis, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia. Cough pain, cough voice short and weak, sick cow neck shake head. Pain cough found in respiratory tract foreign bodies, foreign body pneumonia, acute laryngitis, pleurisy, traumatic network gastritis, traumatic pericarditis and so on. In addition, frequent cough can be seen, that is, cough lasts for a long time, common in tuberculosis and chronic bronchitis. -------------------------------------- 4. How to observe cow rumination? Healthy cattle generally begin ruminating half an hour to one hour after feeding, usually in a quiet or resting state. 4-10 times per day, lasting approximately 20-40 minutes, sometimes up to an hour, each bolus returned to the mouth during rumination is chewed approximately 40-70 times before being swallowed. -------------------------------------- 5. How to observe cow belching? Healthy cattle belch 20-40 times per hour. Belching, can be seen in the left jugular vein groove of cattle from the bottom to the upper gas movement wave, sometimes can also hear the grunt. Belching decreased, found in forestomach retardation, rumen food accumulation, abomasum disease, abomasum food accumulation, traumatic reticulogastritis, secondary forestomach dysfunction infectious diseases and thermal diseases. Belching stop, found in esophageal infarction, severe forestomach dysfunction, often secondary rumen bloating. When chronic rumen retardation occurs in cattle, the gases emitted often have a sour smell. -------------------------------------- 6. How to check the conjunctiva of cattle? Examination of the conjunctiva of the eye, usually the conjunctiva of the eye, i.e. sclera and eyelid conjunctiva. When examining, hold the horn in both hands, turn the head to the side, and expose the sclera naturally. When examining the eyelid conjunctiva, press the lower eyelid open with your thumb. Conjunctival pallor, conjunctival diffuse flushing and conjunctival yellowing are all disease states. -------------------------------------- How to check the number of breaths of cattle? Check the cow's breathing rate at rest. Generally standing on the front side of the cow chest or the rear side of the abdomen, the rise and fall of the chest and abdomen is a breath. The number of breaths per minute is calculated as 20-50 per minute for healthy calves and 15-35 per minute for adult cattle. In hot seasons, when the outside temperature is too high, direct sunlight, and poor ventilation of the pen, the number of breaths of cattle increases. -------------------------------------- 8 How to check the way cattle breathe? The breathing pattern of healthy cattle is thoracoabdominal, that is, the movement intensity of chest wall and abdominal wall is basically equal when breathing. Check the way the cow breathes, paying attention to the coordination and intensity of the chest and abdomen movements. Such as chest breathing, that is, chest wall undulation movement is particularly obvious, more common in acute rumen distension, acute traumatic pericarditis, acute peritonitis, a large number of ascites and so on. If abdominal breathing occurs, the undulating movement of the abdominal wall is particularly obvious, often suggesting that the lesion is in the chest wall, which is more common in acute pleurisy, pleural pneumonia, pleural effusion, pericarditis and rib fracture, chronic emphysema, etc. How to check the pulse rate of cattle? Check the pulse rate of the cow at rest. Usually the cow's middle caudal artery is touched. The examiner stands directly behind the cow, slightly raises the hair root of the cow with his left hand, and presses the index finger and middle finger of his right hand on the middle caudal artery on the caudal ventral surface to count. Calculate pulse number for 1 minute. -------------------------------------- 10. How to see if the nasal fluid of cattle is normal? Healthy cows have a small amount of nasal fluid and often lick it off with their tongue. If you see more nasal discharge, it may be pathological. Usually visible mucus nasal fluid, purulent nasal fluid, putrefaction nasal fluid, nasal fluid mixed with blood, nasal fluid pink, rust nasal fluid. Nasal fluid only flows out from one nostril, seen in unilateral rhinitis, sinusitis.