How to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer

In production, we often hear many vegetable farmers complain that the fertilizer applied to the shed does not work, and most of them conclude that it is the fertilizer problem. If you think about it carefully, this idea is actually very one-sided. Through the interview with the reporter, we found that the low fertilizer use efficiency is the crux of the problem.

Fertilizer use efficiency refers to the percentage of nutrient elements absorbed by crops in the total amount of fertilizer elements applied to the soil. The higher the fertilizer use efficiency, the less the fertilizer loss. Fertilizer use efficiency varies greatly with the ratio of fertilizer, soil condition and the absorptive capacity of crop roots.

In the actual production, many vegetable farmers ignore these key factors, resulting in low fertilizer use efficiency. Therefore, in this issue, we discuss how to improve the fertilizer use efficiency for vegetable farmers. Key one: rational allocation of fertilizer

When applying fertilizer, some vegetable farmers blindly apply a large amount of organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer. Some single use of a large number of element fertilizers, while ignoring the use of trace elements, resulting in nutritional imbalance of crops. In this way, the fertilizer use efficiency is naturally very low, so to improve the fertilizer use efficiency should start from the rational allocation of fertilizer.

First of all, base fertilizer should adhere to the combined application of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer. With the simple application of organic fertilizer, the available nutrients in the soil can not meet the needs of various nutrients in the early stage of crop growth, so it is necessary to apply a sufficient amount of chemical fertilizer while increasing the application of organic fertilizer. For example, the newly built greenhouse applies 15-20 cubic meters of chicken manure per mu, combined with 200-250 kilograms of compound fertilizer.

According to the experimental test, the soil organic matter in the area with the combined use of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer can be increased by 0.23-0.33% compared with the single application of special chemical fertilizer, and the nitrogen content is also higher than that of single organic fertilizer. This shows that the combined application of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer can improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and enhance soil fertility.

Secondly, adhere to the balanced use of a large number of elements and trace elements. At present, a large number of elements can be supplemented by compound fertilizer or compound fertilizer, such as compound fertilizer or compound fertilizer, such as Dutch Epp compound fertilizer, Huafeng compound fertilizer, Batian compound fertilizer and so on.

Although the amount of trace elements is small, it is necessary for crop growth, and special attention should be paid to the use of trace elements that are lacking locally, such as boron and zinc deficiency in Shouguang soil. Borax 1-1.5 kg per mu should be mixed with 2-2.5 kg zinc sulfate per mu when using base fertilizer.

Of course, the specific amount of fertilizer should be measured through soil testing, and the reasonable amount and proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements should be adjusted according to the law of fertilizer demand of crops, the results of soil test and the utilization rate of fertilizer. so that crops can get a comprehensive and reasonable supply of nutrients, maximize the potential of crop production and improve economic benefits. Key 2: maintain the "switch" of the soil.

Fertilizer is applied to the soil to enrich the soil, and the roots go deep into the fertile soil to draw nutrients from the soil to supply the crop throughout the growing season. In this process, soil plays the role of "switch". Maintaining the "switch" of soil and adjusting the soil environment to facilitate crop absorption of nutrients is not only the premise of good absorption, but also the key to improve fertilizer use efficiency. The reporter proposes to do a good job in the following three points:

First, don't forget to adjust the soil temperature after fertilization. The transformation of soil organic matter is closely related to temperature. When the temperature is high, the organic matter will decompose quickly; when the temperature is low, the organic matter will decompose slowly. When the temperature was low, the amount of water and fertilizer absorbed by the root decreased obviously. Therefore, it depends on the temperature when applying fertilizer. The most favorable soil temperature for nutrient transformation in northern China is 27 ℃-32 ℃.

Second, maintain appropriate soil moisture. The water existing in soil capillary pores can dissolve and transport soil nutrients and can be directly absorbed and utilized by crops. However, too much soil moisture will reduce soil oxygen content and affect crop root activity. Too little soil moisture is also disadvantageous to root absorption. In general, the soil water content in the greenhouse should be kept at about 80%, and it should be watered in time according to the soil moisture.

Third, ensure the permeability of the soil. Good soil permeability, strong root activity, will absorb more nutrients in the soil. On the contrary, the utilization rate of soil nutrients by roots is very low. Therefore, after the vegetables are planted, they should be rowed and hoed every 3-5 days, and after each watering, they should be paddled in time. Generally, the depth of the hoe should be 3-5 cm. No matter which stubble, avoid flooding when watering.

When covering plastic film, you must hold it up with tools to prevent it from being close to the ground and affecting the air permeability of the soil.

Because vegetable farmers trample for a long time in agricultural operation, the soil is easy to harden and the air permeability is weak, which is disadvantageous to the extension of vegetable root system. The best way is to cover a layer of crop straw between the operating rows, which can not only prevent the soil from being stable, but also keep the soil warm and wet. Key three: to cultivate the root system of developed crops.

Only by cultivating well-developed roots of crops can we enhance the absorptive capacity of crops and improve the utilization rate of fertilizer. Summing up the experience of vegetable farmers, the following root-raising and root-strengthening measures are effective.

1. Dig deep into the soil and re-apply organic fertilizer.

For example, melons and vegetables need a large amount of fertilizer, so organic fertilizer with long-lasting effect and full nutrient content must be fully applied. Can dig deep soil 30cm above, mu application of chicken and duck manure 10-15 cubic meters or cattle, sheep and pig manure 25-30 cubic meters. But organic fertilizer must be fully mature before it can be used.

two。 When planting, it is necessary to expose the tuo and apply biological fertilizer in the hole.

The root system of eggplant fruit vegetables has strong aerobicity, exuberant aerobic respiration, and develops well in the soil with high oxygen content, so the root distribution is shallow and mostly distributed in the soil layer of 5-30 cm, so the planting should not be too deep. Dew tuo is beneficial to the development of root system after planting.

Root disease is one of the main problems in the production of melons and eggplants in greenhouse in recent years. Hole application of biological bacterial fertilizer can not only prevent root diseases by bacteriostasis, but also promote and raise roots, which is beneficial to the formation of robust roots of vegetables.

3. Protect the leaves. Roots are supported by leaves, so it is very important for roots to protect leaves.

First of all, don't go too far. Because the nutrition of the upper leaves of the fruit mainly supplies the growth of the fruit, while the nutrition of the lower leaves of the fruit mainly supplies the growth of the root system, if the root system is removed prematurely, the ability of the root system to absorb fertilizer and water will be reduced.

Secondly, according to the physiological needs and plant growth of crops in different periods, foliar fertilizer should be sprayed according to the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests to improve the photosynthetic efficiency of leaves and maintain roots with leaves. When tender leaves turn yellow, iron and zinc leaf fertilizer can be sprayed. When the old leaves are yellow, spray cytokinin and leaf fertilizer. 300 times urea was sprayed in the early stage, and 500 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed in the later stage. In the whole cultivation season, it can be sprayed many times to harvest 6000 times more and raise roots and strong trees.

4. Reasonable watering and topdressing. Traditional flood irrigation does obvious damage to crop roots on low soil temperature or clayey soil. After a flood, capillary roots (white roots) decrease, yellow leaves and other phenomena often occur. And these capillaries are the main organs that absorb nutrients. Therefore, it is necessary to pour small water under the film, and conditional micro-spray irrigation system can be installed to reduce the damage of watering to the root system.

In addition, a large crop has a long growth period and needs a large amount of fertilizer, so it is difficult to meet the needs of continuous growth by relying on basal fertilizer alone. In the later stage, there will always be de-fertilization, but in the operation line, after proper ploughing, sprinkle a layer of fertilizer, which is not only conducive to the supply of crop nutrients, but also conducive to the growth of capillary roots.

5. Mulching plastic film late and ploughing in time.

The root system of general crops has strong aeration, and timely ploughing after planting can break soil consolidation, improve soil air permeability and promote root growth. Late plastic film mulching can promote deep root system, improve plant stress resistance and prevent premature senility. In general, it is appropriate to cover plastic film after planting slow seedlings of vegetables, that is, it is most appropriate to cover plastic film after planting vegetables for 15 days or so.

6. When the root system is injured, in order to restore the root system as soon as possible, 1000 times of strong rooting agent and 6000 times of Aiduo harvest can be used to promote rooting.

When the root system is strong, its ability to absorb water and fertilizer will be enhanced, and fertilization will be effective.