Soil fertilizer management of Lycium barbarum

During the whole growth and development period from seedling cultivation to harvest, the grower must carry out a series of technical management measures in the field, which are collectively referred to as field management. According to the effective production cycle of pollution-free Lycium barbarum plants, field management can be divided into juvenile stage (1 ~ 4 years) and adult stage (more than 5 years). First of all, field management is soil management, and the projects include soil tillage, soil fertilization and irrigation. How to do soil management well, the management methods are not unchanged. The important thing is that it must be based on the biological characteristics of Lycium barbarum. With the local climate conditions during the growth period of Chinese wolfberry plant vegetative growth and reproductive growth law as the premise, closely around the goal of high quality and high yield. 1. Soil tillage soil is the carrier of Chinese wolfberry plant, and the effective soil layer (tillage layer) of soil is the main source of nutrients for the growth and development of Chinese wolfberry plant. Soil tillage during the annual growth period of Lycium barbarum can promote the loosening and ventilation of the active soil layer, improve the soil structure, promote the reproduction of soil microorganisms, and improve soil fertility. Create a good soil environment for the normal growth and development of Chinese wolfberry. The key to affecting the root development of Lycium barbarum in soil management is the requirement of oxygen content in the soil, because the root system must carry out respiration during the growth and development and maintenance of life activities. The root absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, which produces the energy needed to maintain life activities, and the carbon dioxide released is the raw material to exchange with soil particles when absorbing fertilizer. therefore, to manage the soil of Lycium barbarum orchard well, we must take into account the following three: first, the combination of loose soil and soil moisture conservation and temperature increase; second, the combination of improving ventilation conditions and weeding; third, the combination of deep ploughing and improving soil structure. In order to take into account three points in soil management, according to the growth and development habits of Chinese wolfberry, the soil tillage of Chinese wolfberry orchard has the following items in a year: 1. Spring clearing and shallow ploughing combined with pruning, especially spring pruning, timely removal and destruction of litter and leaves, because many kinds of Chinese wolfberry diseases and insect pests have to leave the tree to overwinter in the litter or weeds in the garden, such as gall mites, rust mites and some adults of Chinese wolfberry wood lice. Shallow ploughing is the rotary ploughing of agricultural machinery or artificial shallow ploughing of the surface soil layer of Chinese wolfberry orchard (10cm to 15cm). The time of shallow ploughing was the soil thawing in spring and the plant sprouting was carried out in late March. Shallow ploughing in early spring can loosen soil, increase soil temperature, store water and preserve soil moisture, clear weeds and kill pupae of overwintering pests in the ground. Because most of the pests overwintered in the soil in the form of pupa and cocoon insects, ploughing it to the soil surface and freezing it in the sun and night can make it die. 2. In the vegetative growth and reproductive growth season of Lycium barbarum, cultivate the garden soil and remove weeds so as to keep the soil loose and aerated. The time of intertillage is from May to July. The middle ploughing time is in the spring branch growth period and the old eye branch flowering stage. through a certain depth of sun exposure, although weeding is the main purpose, it can improve the ventilation condition, reduce water evaporation, coordinate the relationship among water, fertilizer, gas and heat in the root system, and promote the slow absorption of nutrients, so as to ensure the growth of spring branches, more blossoms of old branches and no falling flowers. From May to July every year, intertillage weeding is generally carried out three times. The first intertillage is in the first ten days of May, with a depth of about 19 centimeters. When weeds are clear, the roots and seedlings under the tree crown and the overgrown branches sprouting near the root neck of the trunk are removed at the same time. In order to loosen the soil and eliminate the soil consolidation caused by irrigation, the middle tillage should be uniform and there should be no leakage of ploughing. The second intertillage is in early June, when Chinese wolfberry is about to enter the fruit ripening period, timely ploughing and weeding, keep the surface of the garden clean, easy to pick up the fallen fruit during fruit picking. The third intertillage is in the middle and last ten days of July, mainly to remove weeds in order to harvest fruit, and to enhance the effect of spraying to control diseases and insect pests. Ploughing thoroughly every time, rake flat after ploughing, and do not leave soil ridges above 20cm under the canopy to prevent red gall midges from becoming cocoons and pupation. 3. After nearly half a year of production management and artificial trampling during fruit picking, the Chinese wolfberry garden caused the living soil layer to be stiff, so it was necessary to turn the garden soil deeply, loosen the living soil layer and remove weeds. Deeply ploughing the soil layer and cutting off the horizontal lateral roots in the soil layer at the outer edge of the crown can play the role of a pruning of the roots, which is beneficial to sprouting more new roots from the broken roots in the following spring and increasing the number of absorbing hairy roots. According to the observation of soil section, a broken root in the soil layer of 25cm and 30cm outside the crown can sprout 3-6 new hairy roots in the middle of April of the following year. The more hairy roots absorb nutrients, the larger the area of absorbing nutrients, which is beneficial to promote the exuberant growth of plants. In addition, by turning the soil deeply, the water storage capacity of winter irrigation can be effectively increased. The drought in winter and spring in Northwest China lasts for half a year, and winter irrigation and water storage can ensure the plant to survive the winter safely. According to the measurement, the water inflow of autumn garden and winter irrigation can reach 75 cubic meters per 667 square meters, while that of unturned garden is only 60 cubic meters per 667 square meters. The time of turning over the garden in Northwest China is from late September to early October, with a sun depth of about 20 cm. Deep mechanical ploughs can be used between rows of Chinese wolfberry, and can be turned shallowly under the crown without damaging the root and neck. 2. Chinese wolfberry fertilization technology the annual growth period of Chinese wolfberry is long, and it goes through important processes such as flower bud differentiation, branch and leaf growth, flowering and fruiting, root growth and so on from mid-March to early November, each of which consumes a lot of nutrients. in addition, some physiological processes overlap. Therefore, the need for more nutrients, fertilizer for a long time, and there is no obvious stage, if the lack of nutrient supply, so that the branch growth is short, thin and weak, flower bud differentiation is affected, less flowers per bud eye, fruit naturally less. In particular, the serious lack of fertilizer at a certain stage is prone to a large number of falling flowers and fruits. Insufficient nutrient supply will not only affect the yield of the same year, but also directly affect the accumulation of nutrients and the growth and fruit of the second year. Fertilization is to continuously increase the nutrients in the soil, create good growth conditions for Chinese wolfberry, promote the exuberant growth of trees, enhance the ability to resist diseases and insects, and make Chinese wolfberry grow well, have many flowers, have many fruits, high yield and excellent quality. The common fertilization methods are base fertilizer and topdressing. The main results are as follows: 1. The application technology of base fertilizer is based on organic fertilizer and supplemented by chemical fertilizer. Organic fertilizers mainly include sheep dung, cattle manure, oil dregs, bean cakes and human urine dung. Organic fertilizer can not only improve soil and fertility, but also act for a long time. There are three main application methods of base fertilizer: annular ditch application, semi-annular ditch application and strip ditch application. Ring ditch application: below the edge of the crown, dig a circular fertilizer ditch 30 cm deep and 40 cm wide. Half-ring ditch application: under the edge of the crown, dig a curved fertilization ditch with a circumference of 3 circles. The ditch is 30 cm deep and 40 cm wide. The position of the ditch will be changed to the opposite side of the original ditch the following year. Strip ditch application: dig a fertilization ditch on each side of the edge of the crown, the depth and width of the ditch are the same as above, and the position of the ditch will be changed to the other sides in the coming year. It is better to apply base fertilizer in autumn, and all the old producing areas of Chinese wolfberry have the habit of applying base fertilizer in October. The advantages of applying basal fertilizer in autumn are as follows: ① at this time, the aboveground parts of Chinese wolfberry trees have begun to fall leaves and gradually enter dormancy, and the cut-off roots have little effect on the tree; ② application of organic fertilizer in autumn is earlier than that in spring, which is beneficial to root absorption; if ③ can be applied part of the available fertilizer, it can be absorbed in the same year, which is beneficial to the accumulation of nutrients in the tree, improve the nutrition level of the tree, and enhance the ability of cold resistance, which is very beneficial to the growth and fruit of the following year. If it is too late to apply base fertilizer in autumn, it should be applied early in the following spring, combined with some quick-acting fertilizer, so as to play the role of fertilizer effect as soon as possible. 2. Topdressing technology topdressing is to increase the application of available fertilizer during the growth and fruiting period of Lycium barbarum, in order to make up for the lack of base fertilizer. It is based on quick-acting chemical fertilizer, supplemented by mature human feces and urine. For chemical fertilizers, nitrogen fertilizers include urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium bicarbonate; phosphate fertilizers include calcium superphosphate, ammonium phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, etc.; potassium fertilizers include potassium sulfate, potassium chloride and so on. In addition, there are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other multi-component compound fertilizer, which is a good fertilizer for Chinese wolfberry. Breeders of Ningqi No. 1 and No. 2 and Big Fruit Lycium barbarum Zhong Liyuan, a researcher at Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, found that the application of potassium fertilizer on the basis of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer could promote the absorption of soil nutrients by Lycium barbarum trees and be beneficial to the growth and development of trees. The fertilizer elements needed by Lycium barbarum trees are different in different growth stages, which should mainly meet the needs of nitrogen for branch and leaf growth from budding to flowering. During the peak periods of flower bud differentiation, branch and leaf growth and fruit growth and development, the combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be better. The period of topdressing should be determined according to the growth and fruit of the tree. The period from late April to early May is the period of new branch and leaf growth and flower bud formation of Lycium barbarum, which needs to be applied for the first time, mainly with nitrogen fertilizer and appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer; from the beginning of June to the end of July is the peak period of a large number of new branch growth, bud formation and flowering and fruiting in a year, and it is also the most exuberant period for the expansion and growth of a large number of fruits, which requires sufficient nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. If the fertilizer is insufficient, it will affect the growth and aggravate the drop of flowers and fruits. According to the fertilization tracer experiment of Chen Guisong and Xiong Zhixun, from June to August, the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the annual branches of Lycium barbarum all showed a "V" distribution, which proved that the tree was the most short of fertilizer in July, so the compound fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be applied in early June and early July respectively. If there are many new branches of Chinese wolfberry in early August, and there are many buds, in order to promote the growth of autumn fruit, we should also pursue nitrogen and potassium fertilizer again at this time. Combined with field fertilization, foliar spraying of calcium superphosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, zinc and boron can effectively improve the fruit setting rate. 3. The technology of combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer contains a variety of nutrient elements, which is easy to obtain economically and comes from a wide range of sources, but the nutrient content is not high, the fertilizer effect is slow and the application amount is large, so in the formula fertilization, it is necessary to emphasize the combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. play the role of mutual supplement and mutual promotion. In general, chemical nitrogen fertilizer can promote the mineralization of organic nitrogen and improve the fertilizer efficiency of organic fertilizer, while organic fertilizer can promote the biological fixation of chemical nitrogen fertilizer and reduce the nitrification and denitrification of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer, thus reducing the loss of inorganic nitrogen. In addition to providing nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements, organic fertilizers can dissolve phosphorus in the soil and reduce the fixation of phosphate fertilizers and trace elements in the soil. as a result, the availability of phosphorus and trace elements in soil is improved. In addition, the application of organic fertilizer into the soil provides sufficient energy materials and nutrients for a variety of soil microorganisms, thus promoting the reproduction of microorganisms and activating their activity, thus improving the supply of chemical fertilizers and the absorption rate of roots. In the technology of combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer is generally based on the basis, supplemented by topdressing, while chemical fertilizer is dominated by topdressing and supplemented by basic fertilizer. From the point of view of convenient source and good economic effect, it is suitable to apply organic fertilizer to pig manure, chicken manure, sheep manure, all kinds of cake manure and barnyard manure in medlar orchard. However, when these fertilizers are used as topdressing, they must be mature before they can be used, and adding a certain amount of chemical fertilizer is the most beneficial to the root system of Lycium barbarum to absorb and play a role as soon as possible. 4. Fertilizer type selection and fertilizer application amount the nutrient elements needed for the growth and development of Lycium barbarum plants come from photosynthesis of leaves (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in air and water) and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil absorbed by roots and trace elements such as calcium, iron, boron, zinc and so on. These nutrients absorbed by roots mainly depend on soil fertilization. After selecting suitable inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer, the following principles should be followed when applying fertilizer: the combination of organic fertilizer (late effect) and inorganic fertilizer (quick effect); the combination of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (large amount of elements) and zinc, boron, iron (trace elements). The fertilization method of deep application of base fertilizer in autumn, soil topdressing and extra-root topdressing (leaf and stem) in spring and summer can basically ensure the fertilizer demand for vegetative growth and reproductive growth of Lycium barbarum during the annual growth period. According to the fertilizer requirement law of vegetative growth and reproductive growth of Lycium barbarum during the annual growth period, the delayed organic fertilizer should be applied to the soil from late September to early October in autumn. As topdressing, the quick-acting inorganic fertilizer should be applied to the soil in the middle of April of the critical nutrition period and the middle of June of the maximum nutrition efficiency period. If the climatic conditions meet the accumulated temperature needed for autumn fruit production, one quick-acting chemical fertilizer can be added in the middle of August to promote the production of autumn fruit. Extra-root topdressing was sprayed every 10 days from early May to late July.