What are the soil classifications in China?

Executive summary: Soil is the surface of the earth's land composed of minerals, organic matter, water, air and biological composition of fertility, can grow plants not fixed structure layer, China's soil resources are rich, various types, rare in the world, according to soil texture classification soil is generally divided into sandy soil, clay soil and loam three categories, let's take a look at China's soil classification what it!

Soil is the surface of the earth's land composed of minerals, organic matter, water, air and biological composition of fertility, can grow plants not fixed structure layer, China's soil resources are rich, various types, rare in the world, according to soil texture classification soil is generally divided into sandy soil, clay soil and loam three categories, let's take a look at China's soil classification what it!

latosol

Lateritic red soil is distributed in Hainan Island, Leizhou Peninsula, Xishuangbanna and the south of Taiwan Island, roughly located in the south of 22° N. Tropical monsoon climate, annual average temperature of 23~26℃, annual average precipitation of 1600~2000 mm, vegetation is tropical seasonal rain forest. Weathering leaching is strong, soluble inorganic nutrients are lost in large quantities, iron and aluminum remain in the soil, and the color is red. The soil layer is deep, the texture is sticky, the fertility is poor, and it is acidic to strong acidic.

lateritic red soil

Lateritic red soil is distributed in most of southern Yunnan, southern Guangxi and Guangdong, southeast Fujian and central south of Taiwan Province, roughly between 22° and 25° N. It is a transitional type between lateritic red soil and red soil, and a subtropical monsoon climate zone. The annual average temperature is 21~22℃, the annual precipitation is between 1200~2000 mm, and the vegetation is evergreen broad-leaved forest. Weathering leaching is slightly weaker than lateritic red soil, red in color. The soil layer is thicker, the texture is heavier, the fertility is worse, and it is acidic.

red soil and yellow soil

Red soil and yellow soil are distributed in most areas south of Yangtze River and mountainous areas around Sichuan Basin. The climate is warm and the rainfall is abundant. The annual average temperature is 16~26℃ and the annual precipitation is about 1500 mm. The vegetation is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. The heat condition of yellow soil formation is slightly worse than that of red soil, but the moisture condition is better. Organic matter is rich in sources, but decomposition fast, loss more, so less humus in the soil, soil is more viscous, due to strong leaching, so potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium accumulation less, and more iron and aluminum, soil was uniform red. Yellow soil is yellow due to hydration of iron oxide in yellow soil.

yellow brown soil

Yellow brown soil is distributed from Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River in the north to Dabashan Mountain and Yangtze River in the south, from southeast edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west to lower reaches of Yangtze River in the east. It is a transitional soil type between yellow red soil and brown soil, and the northern edge of subtropical monsoon region. Summer is hot, winter is cold, annual average temperature is 15~18℃, annual precipitation is 750~1000 mm. The vegetation is deciduous broad-leaved forest, but mixed with evergreen broad-leaved species. It has both the characteristics of aluminum enrichment of yellow soil and red soil and the characteristics of clayization of brown soil. Show weak acid reaction, natural fertility is relatively high.

brown soil

Brown soil is distributed in Shandong Peninsula and Liaodong Peninsula, with warm temperate semi-humid climate, warm and hot rainy summer, cold and dry winter, annual average temperature of 5~14℃, annual precipitation of about 500~1000 cm, vegetation of warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest. The clay in the soil is strong, but also produces a more obvious leaching effect, so that potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium are leached, clay particles deposited downward. The soil layer is thicker, the texture is heavier, the organic matter content in the surface layer is higher, and the reaction is slightly acidic. Executive summary: Soil is the surface of the earth's land composed of minerals, organic matter, water, air and biological composition of fertility, can grow plants not fixed structure layer, China's soil resources are rich, various types, rare in the world, according to soil texture classification soil is generally divided into sandy soil, clay soil and loam three categories, let's take a look at China's soil classification what it!

dark brown soil

Dark brown earth is distributed in the east slope of Daxing 'anling, Xiaoxing' anling, Zhangguangcai and Changbai Mountains in Northeast China, with moderate humid climate. The annual average temperature is-1 ° C to 5 ° C, the winter is cold and long, and the annual precipitation is 600~1100 mm. It is the soil formed under the temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. The soil is acidic reaction, it is compared with brown earth, the surface has rich organic matter, humus accumulation, is more fertile forest soil.

cold brown earth

Cold brown soil is distributed in the upper part of the northern part of Daxing 'anling Mountains, with wide north and narrow south. It has a humid climate in cold temperate zone, with annual average temperature of-5℃ and annual precipitation of 450~550 mm. The vegetation is sub-cold coniferous forest. The soil has been bleached (iron oxide is reduced and washed with water, and iron, aluminum oxides and humic acid form chelates to leach downward and deposit ash), and the acidity is high, the soil layer is thin, the decomposition of organic matter is slow, and the available nutrients are few.

cinnamon soil

Cinnamon soil is distributed in the hilly and low mountain areas connected by Shanxi, Hebei and Liaoning provinces and Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi Province. It has a warm temperate semi-humid and semi-arid monsoon climate. The annual average temperature is 11~14℃, and the annual precipitation is 500~700 mm. More than half of them are concentrated in summer and dry in winter. The vegetation is mainly mesophytic and xerophytic forest shrubs. The leaching degree is not very strong, with a small amount of calcium carbonate deposition. The soil was neutral and slightly alkaline, with more accumulation of minerals and organic matter, thicker humus layer and higher fertility.

chernozem

Chernozem soil is distributed in the east and west sides of the middle and south part of Daxing 'anling Mountains, the middle part of Songnen Plain in Northeast China and the watershed area of Songhua River and Liaohe River. It has temperate semi-humid continental climate, annual average temperature of-3 ℃ and annual precipitation of 350~500 mm. The vegetation is temperate grassland and meadow grassland with the highest grass yield. Humus content is the most abundant, humus layer thickness is large, soil color is mainly black, neutral to slightly alkaline reaction, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and other inorganic nutrients are also more, soil fertility is high.

chestnut soil

Chestnut soil is distributed in the eastern and central Inner Mongolia Plateau grassland areas, is the most widely distributed calcium soil, the largest area of soil. Temperate semiarid continental climate. The annual average temperature is-2 ° C to 6 ° C, and the annual precipitation is 250~350 mm. Grassland is a typical dry steppe, growth is not as dense as chernozem area. Humus accumulation is weaker than chernozem soil, but it is also quite rich and thick, and the soil color is chestnut. The soil layer shows weak alkaline reaction, and there are alkalization phenomena in some areas. The soil texture is mainly fine sand and silt, and the desertification phenomenon in the area is serious. Executive summary: Soil is the surface of the earth's land composed of minerals, organic matter, water, air and biological composition of fertility, can grow plants not fixed structure layer, China's soil resources are rich, various types, rare in the world, according to soil texture classification soil is generally divided into sandy soil, clay soil and loam three categories, let's take a look at China's soil classification what it!

brown calcium soil

Brown-calcium soil is distributed in the central and western part of Inner Mongolia Plateau, Ordos Plateau, northern part of Junggar Basin and the outer edge of Tarim Basin. It is the most arid soil in calcium soil and a kind of soil in transition to desert zone. The climate is drier and more continental than that of chestnut soil areas. The annual average temperature is 2~7℃, the annual precipitation is 150~250 mm, and crops cannot be planted without irrigation. Vegetation is desert steppe and steppe desertification. The humus accumulation and humus layer thickness are the least in the calcareous soil, the soil color is mainly brown, the soil is alkaline, the ground is generally gravel and sand, and gradually transitions to desert soil.

heilu soil

The black loessial soil is distributed in the loess source areas with light soil erosion and flat terrain on the Loess Plateau, such as northern Shaanxi, southern Ningxia and eastern Gansu. Warm temperate semiarid, semihumid climate. The annual average temperature is 8~10℃, and the annual precipitation is 300~500 mm, which is similar to that in chernozem area, but due to the higher temperature, the relative humidity is relatively small. Formed from loess parent material. Vegetation is similar to chestnut soil areas. Most of it has been cleared for farmland. Humus accumulation and organic matter content is not high, humus layer color difference is relatively large, the upper half is yellow-brown gray, the lower half is grayish brown, as if the black soil is buried in the lower paleosol.

desert soil

Desert soil is distributed in Inner Mongolia, Gansu Province, the western part of China, Qinghai Qaidam Basin and other areas, covering a large area, almost accounting for 1/5 of the total area of the country. Temperate continental arid climate. Annual precipitation is less than 100 mm in most areas. Vegetation is sparse, dominated by very drought-tolerant gravy subshrubs. The soil basically has no obvious humus layer, the soil is loose, lacks water, the soil profile is almost all gravel, calcium carbonate accumulation, gypsum and salt accumulation are more, and the soil development degree is poor.

alpine meadow soil

Alpine meadow soil is distributed in eastern and southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Altai Mountains, western Junggar Basin and Tianshan Mountains. The climate is warm and humid, the annual average temperature is about-2 ° C, and the annual precipitation is about 400 mm. Alpine meadow vegetation. The profile consists of turf layer, humus layer, transition layer and parent material layer. Thin soil layer, long soil freezing period, poor aeration, neutral soil reaction.

alpine desert soil

Alpine desert soil is distributed in the northwest of the Northern Tibet Plateau, Kunlun Mountains and Pamirs Plateau. The climate is dry and cold, with an annual average temperature of-10℃, a minimum temperature of-40℃ in winter and an annual precipitation of less than 100 mm. Vegetation cover is less than 10%. Thin soil layer, more gravel, less fine soil, low organic matter content, poor soil development, alkaline reaction