How to grow Agaricus bisporus?

How to grow mushrooms? Mushrooms, also known as mushrooms, mushrooms, is the world's largest edible fungi, mushrooms of high nutritional value, at present, the development speed is very fast, annual growth rate of 15%~20%. Agaricus bisporus belongs to grass rot fungi, middle and low temperature mushrooms, rice straw and wheat straw are abundant in northern China, and the climate is suitable for the growth of Agaricus bisporus, which has great development potential. 1. Biological characteristics 1. Nutrition Agaricus bisporus is a saprotic bacteria, can not carry out photosynthesis, ingredients, crop straw (wheat straw, straw) must be added to the appropriate amount of manure (such as cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, chickens and human feces, etc.), but also to add appropriate amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur and other elements. A rational formulation is an important factor in obtaining high yield. 2. Temperature The mycelium growth temperature of Agaricus bisporus ranged from 4 ℃ to 32℃, the optimum temperature was 22 ℃ to 25℃, the fruiting body growth temperature ranged from 5 ℃ to 25℃, the optimum temperature was 14 ℃ to 16℃. 3. The optimum moisture content of medium is about 60%, and that of covering soil is 16%~20%. The relative humidity of air was 60%~70% in mycelium growth stage and 85%~90% in fruiting body growth stage. 4. pH Agaricus bisporus should be slightly alkaline, acid on mycelium and fruit body growth are unfavorable, and easy to produce miscellaneous bacteria. The pH value of mycelium growth ranged from 5 to 8, and the optimum pH value was 7.0~8.0. Before entering the shed, the pH value of culture medium should be adjusted to 7.5~8.0, and the pH value of soil particles should be 8~8.5. Lime should be added when spraying water after picking mushrooms in order to maintain a higher pH value and inhibit the breeding of miscellaneous bacteria. 5. Air Agaricus bisporus is a good gas fungi, so there should be good ventilation conditions. 6. The mycelia and fruiting bodies of Agaricus bisporus do not need light, but they can grow under the condition of general scattered light, but they cannot be irradiated with strong light. Fruiting body in the dark environment grow white, fat, if the light is too strong, the fruiting body surface hardening, abnormal mushroom, commodity value is poor. Reasonable arrangement of production season is an important prerequisite for obtaining high yield, and cultivation time is determined according to natural temperature. In Shandong area, fermentation of culture materials should begin in August to the middle of September. Too high temperatures too early, too low temperatures after the end of September. Formula 1. Wheat straw (straw) 1500 kg, dried cow (horse) manure 1500 kg, urea 20 kg, bean cake 50 kg, calcium superphosphate 30 kg, gypsum powder 40 kg, calcium carbonate 30 kg, ammonium sulfate 15 kg. 2. Wheat straw (rice straw) 2250 kg, dried chicken manure 750 kg, urea 17.5 kg, cake fertilizer 75 kg, calcium superphosphate 25 kg, calcium carbonate 40 kg, ammonium sulfate 15 kg. The above ingredients are prepared according to 100 square meters, and the pH value of the materials is adjusted to 8. Third, the compost fermentation of the culture material is generally secondary fermentation, also known as pre-fermentation and post-fermentation. The pre-fermentation is carried out outside the shed, and the post-fermentation is carried out in the sterilized shed. The pre-fermentation takes about 20 days, and the post-fermentation takes about 5 days. The entire process takes approximately 22 to 28 days. 1. Cultures (wheat straw, rice straw) can be soaked for 1~2 days under pre-wetting conditions. After taking out, excess water is controlled and piled directly according to requirements. When soaking, put appropriate amount of lime powder into the water, and put 15 kilograms of lime powder per cubic meter of water. Generally, when mushroom farmers soak wheat straw (straw), they first dig a pit, the size of which is determined according to the planting amount. The pit is covered with a layer of plastic (11290, -105.00, -0.92%) film, pumped in water, and put in lime powder. Build a pile while fishing. After building the pile, water the top of the pile every day. Take the overflow of water at the bottom of the pile as the standard. After 3~4 days, the wheat straw basically absorbs enough water. 2. Building a pile requires a width of 2 meters and a height of 1.5 meters. The length can be determined according to the amount of planting. When building a pile, a stick with a diameter of about 10 cm and a length of more than 1.5 cm is erected every other meter. After building a pile, pull it out and naturally form a vent hole to increase oxygen in the material, which is beneficial to the propagation and fermentation of microorganisms. When stacking materials, first lay a layer of wheat straw (about 25 cm thick), then lay a layer of manure, and lay it firmly at the side. The manure should be spread evenly. According to this method, stack a layer of grass and a layer of manure, pile up to 1.5 meters high, and then cover the top with manure. Sprinkle 1/2 of urea evenly in the middle of the pile. Each layer should be watered when stacking, so that the bottom layer should be watered less and the upper part should be watered more. It is advisable to overflow water around the pile the next day. When building a pile, pay attention to the sharp edges of the pile as much as possible, and the width of the bottom and top of the pile is not much different, so that the temperature in the pile can be maintained well. The material pile cannot be stacked into a triangular or nearly triangular trapezoid, because this is not conducive to heat preservation. 3. When turning the pile (fermentation), turn the innermost and outermost layers of the pile to the middle, and turn the middle material to the inside and outer layers. Add fertilizer and other auxiliary materials according to the required order every time you turn the pile. If the material is too dry, water it properly. If it is sunny every time, use straw curtain or corn stalk (2345, 12.00, 0.51%) to shade it. Cover plastic film on rainy days to prevent rain. Remove plastic film after sunny days. Under normal circumstances, the temperature of the pile begins to rise on the second day after the pile is built, and the temperature rises to more than 70℃ on the third day. After about two days, the material temperature begins to drop. At this time, the first pile turnover is carried out, and the remaining urea, calcium carbonate, gypsum powder and phosphate fertilizer are scattered while turning the pile. After the pile is rebuilt, when the temperature of the material rises above 70℃, keep it for 2 days, and turn the pile for the second time. The method of turning the pile for each time is the same. Add ammonium sulfate when turning the pile for the second time. Generally, turn the pile for 3 times. Check the pH value of the material every time you turn the pile. If it is acidic, sprinkle proper amount of lime powder in combination with watering, and keep the pH value at about 8. Fermented good material was light brown, odorless and ammonia flavor, soft texture, loss of toughness, but elastic. 4. After fermentation (also known as the second fermentation), the fermented materials are moved into the shed when they are hot and stacked into small piles, each pile is just enough to spread a bed surface. When the feed is heated to 60℃, it is kept for 6 hours to further kill miscellaneous bacteria and pests. Then, let the material temperature drop to 52 ° C for 4 days to promote the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, and ventilate twice a day for 15 minutes. If the material is dry, lime water can be sprayed according to the pH of the material. After that, start paving, the thickness of the material is 25~30 cm, and the material should be gently patted. After fermentation, the material should be brownish red, and there are a large number of white powdery actinomycetes, sweet bread flavor, water content of about 60%~62%, hold it by hand, there are water lines in the finger seam, can hold it into a group, shake it, pH value is about 7.5. 4. Cultivation management 1. When the seeding temperature drops below 27 ° C, start seeding, generally use seeding, evenly sprinkle 3/4 of the amount of seeds on the surface of the material, use a small fork to reach half of the material thickness, gently shake, so that the seeds are evenly distributed into the material, and then evenly sprinkle the remaining 1/4 of the seeds on the surface of the material. After sowing, a layer of newspaper should be covered; if the temperature in the shed is high and the insulation performance is good, the newspaper can not be covered. 2. From sowing to soil covering is the stage of fungus growth, during which the temperature should be controlled at 20~25℃, the relative humidity of the air should be maintained at about 70%, 1~2 days after sowing, generally closed without ventilation, mainly to keep warm and moist, about 3 days after mycelium germination, at this time should strengthen ventilation, so that the mycelium of the material surface grows into the material. When the mushroom shed is dry, sprinkle water on the air, walls and walkways to increase air humidity. 3. The ideal covering material is generally rice field soil, pond sugar soil, wheat field soil, bean soil, yellow soil, river soil, etc., generally do not use Laiyuan soil, because of high nitrogen content, easy to cause hyphae excessive growth, mushroom less, easy to hide a large number of bacteria and eggs. Soil should be taken from the surface of the soil below 15 cm, after the sun exposure, the best granular, small particles 0.5~0.8 cm, soil 1.5~2.0 cm, and then mixed with 1% lime powder, spray formaldehyde and 0.05% dichlorvos, pile up, covered with plastic film stuffy for 1 day, and then, lift off the film, spread the pile can be covered with the smell of medicine. 4. Cover soil about 15 days, hyphae basically full of material 2/3, then should be timely cover soil, cover soil after 3 days to spray water, so that soil fully absorb water, but water can not penetrate into the material, spray water to be frequent, light, less. The thickness of the overburden is 25 - 30 cm. 5. fruiting management begins to fruiting after 20 days or so after soil covering, the temperature is kept at 20 - 24 DEG C, the relative humidity of the air is 80%-85%, water spray on the material surface is generally not allowed during this period, excessive humidity is poor, hyphae are difficult to extend into the soil layer, excessive dry hyphae are sparse, proper temperature and humidity are maintained, hyphae quickly grow white and vigorous, heavy water is sprayed when hyphae are covered on the material surface, so that hyphae lodge, and water spray is also called "fruiting water" at this time to stimulate the formation of fruiting bodies. After 2~3 days without water, at the same time increase ventilation, when mycelium kinks into small white spots, start spraying water, increase humidity. The relative humidity of the air should be kept at about 90%, the temperature should be controlled at 12~18℃, the amount of water should be increased with the increase of mushroom quantity and the development of mushroom body, the ventilation should be strengthened when spraying water, and the water should not be sprayed at high temperature, and the water should not be sprayed before picking mushrooms. When mushrooms grow to the size of soybeans (4458, -23.00, -0.51%), they must be sprayed with heavy "mushroom water" once a day to promote the growth of young mushrooms. After that, the water was stopped for 2 days, and then the amount of water spraying was gradually reduced with the growth of mushrooms until they were about to enter the peak of mushroom tide, and then the amount of water spraying was gradually reduced with the harvest of mushrooms. It should be noted that when spraying water, it should be frequent, less and fine, less spraying on cloudy days and no spraying on rainy days. Mushroom stage, every day to pick mushrooms, according to the size of the market needs to pick, but can not open the umbrella, pick mushrooms to gently twist, try not to bring out the culture material. Remove the mud roots at the base of the mushroom stalk as it is picked, so as not to affect the commodity value. Handle it gently, it is easy to change color when touched. After picking a mushroom, clean the material surface, fill the potholes with soil, keep the material surface flat and clean, after treatment, spray 1% lime water again, according to conventional management, about 7~10 days, the second batch of mushrooms will appear again. Generally, 6~9 batches of mushrooms should be harvested. After 3 batches of mushrooms are harvested, the soil layer should be loosened, holes should be drilled to improve the ventilation in the material, and fertilizer should be sprayed before the new buds grow to the big beans after picking mushrooms. V. Treatment of plastic shed Before the post-fermentation material enters the shed, the greenhouse should be thoroughly disinfected and disinfected. Water irrigation once, ventilation and moisture, when the ground is not sticky, the quicklime powder evenly scattered on the ground, 0.25 kg per square meter, hoe, spray 1605 pesticides or dichlorvos. 3 days before feeding, disinfect with 10 ml formaldehyde per cubic meter, ventilate before feeding, and ensure fresh air in the shed for operation. 6. Problems and countermeasures in cultivation 1. Management after sowing After poor mycelium growth, seed germination, do not eat material, only in the material surface growth and atrophy phenomenon should be found in time, take remedial measures. When the material has ammonia odor, it should be poked in the material to strengthen ventilation. If the material is dry, spray water twice a day on the covered newspaper. Material too wet to strengthen ventilation, in case of high temperature, to take cooling measures, such as strains, should be replaced in time, replay. 2. After covering soil hyphae growth is poor 3~5 days after covering soil hyphae do not go up the soil, was gray, weak, serious material can not see hyphae or even black, is caused by hyphae atrophy. The main reason is that too much water is sprayed too quickly after covering soil, resulting in hypha suffocation and atrophy due to hypoxia. Water spraying should be stopped immediately, ventilation should be strengthened, and the humidity of culture medium should be reduced to facilitate hypha recovery and soil climbing. Dry soil cover material, pH value lower than 5, high salt content easy to lead to hyphae growth in the material is not normal, delayed soil. When hyphae grow out of the soil surface for 2~3 days, meet high temperature and high humidity environment, hyphae will grow excessively and form a dense, impermeable and airtight fungus coat layer. The measures to prevent hyphae from growing excessively are as follows: when hyphae just grow out of the overlying soil layer, ventilation should be strengthened in time to make the soil surface dry, promote hyphae from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, and spray mushroom water in time to facilitate the formation of primordium. If strengthen ventilated also cannot make hyphae lodging, should spray 0.5% lime water. If the soil surface already has the fungus bed, may use the knife or the bamboo chip picks up the fungus bed to discard. 3. After the rust-spot fruiting body is unearthed, if the ventilation is not timely after spraying water, due to the high air humidity, the moisture on the mushroom surface evaporates slowly, and rust-colored spots will appear on the parts where water drops accumulate on the mushroom cover. Although the spots do not grow into the mushroom meat, they will reduce the quality of the mushroom. 4. During the fruiting period of hollow mushroom, if the temperature is high, the fruiting body grows rapidly, and the water supply is insufficient, white loose pith will be produced in the stalk, and even the stalk will be hollow. Sometimes due to low temperature, fruit body growth is slow, in the bed surface due to too long stay time and the formation of hollow mushroom, should be timely adjusted soil moisture content, and appropriate intermittent spraying water. At the same time, pay attention to the regulation of temperature. 5. When the temperature changes greatly, the temperature difference between day and night reaches more than 10℃, and the air humidity is small and the ventilation is too much, it is easy to open the umbrella or crack the immature fruit body. If the overburden is too thin, it can also form a hard umbrella. 6. Mushroom group Many fruiting bodies are uneven and dense, which can not increase yield, waste nutrients and is not convenient for picking mushrooms. The production of mushroom group is related to the characteristics of strains and sowing methods. Generally, aging strains and hole sowing methods are easy to produce mushroom group. Mixed seeding method can be adopted, or the old seed blocks of hole seeding are dug out before covering soil and leveled with culture medium. 7. To prevent and control red root mushroom from easily producing red root mushroom by using too much water or too much acid or glucose in culture medium and poor ventilation before fruiting. Keep the water content of the covering soil between 22% and 25%, avoid high temperature spraying, topdressing properly, spraying lime water, can prevent red root mushroom. Click for more mushroom cultivation techniques Click for more edible mushroom cultivation techniques