How to grow Pleurotus ostreatus? Please introduce the technology.

How to grow Pleurotus ostreatus? Please introduce the technology of Pleurotus ostreatus is very suitable for substitute cultivation, such as bag cultivation, column cultivation, bed frame cultivation and sunny bed cultivation. Bag planting and column cultivation are the best, with high yield, good quality and high benefit. The advantages of bag cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus: ① is propitious to control the harm of miscellaneous bacteria and pests with high success rate; ② makes full use of space and occupies a small area (1500000 bags can be cultivated in a culture room of 15,18m2); ③ production cycle is shortened, accumulation of bacteria is used to increase material temperature, speed up bacteria and shorten mycelial growth period; ④ is convenient for mobile management and can make full use of the site. ⑤ is propitious to control temperature, maintain humidity, produce mushrooms neatly, shape well and yield stable. Bag cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus technical requirements: 1, the selection of raw materials should be fresh, no mildew, no moth, no pesticides or other harmful chemical components. Put it in the sun for 2-3 days before cultivation to kill the miscellaneous bacteria and pests in the material. Corn cores, bean stalks, straw, wheat stalks, miscellaneous wood and other raw materials should be cut short or crushed in advance. 2 、 Culture formula ① cottonseed hull 99% lime 1% carbendazim 0.1% ② cottonseed cob 76% cottonseed hull 20% wheat bran or flour 3% lime 1% ③ wheat bran 87.5% wheat bran 5% lime 3% urea 0.5% table salt 1% ④ rice straw 74% rice powder 25% gypsum powder 1% bacteria Ling 0.1% ⑤ wheat bran 84% wheat bran 8% urea 0.5% calcium superphosphate 1.5% lime 4% ⑥ saw flour 60% cottonseed hull 30% wheat bran 9% ⑦ weeds 94% wheat bran 5% gypsum 1% can be used as raw materials for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation According to the principle of fresh, dry, easy to handle, easy to collect and preserve, pay attention to adjust the nutrition and pH of the culture material when configuring, before the raw material is prepared, the core should be crushed into peanut-sized granules, and the straw, straw and straw should be crushed and cut into 3 cm long segments. 3. According to the requirements of the above formula, the stacking fermentation should weigh the material accurately, mix the material fully (those that are soluble in water should be dissolved in water first), and then mix well with water. The spring planting temperature is low, the air humidity is low, the culture material should add more water, and 150 kg water should be added to the 100 kg dry material. The amount of water added in different culture materials is also slightly different. The cottonseed shell with corncob and long velvet can add more water appropriately. The cottonseed shell with short velvet should add less water. The mixed culture material was stuffed for 2 hours, let it drink through the water and then pile up and ferment. The method of building a pile is to lay a layer of wheat straw on the cement floor, which is about 10 centimeters thick, put the culture material on the wheat straw, pile it into a round pile of 1 meter high when the material is less, and often pile into a strip pile of 1 meter high and 1 meter wide, every 30 centimeters or so, use a stick to ventilate the hole to the bottom of the material, and then cover the pile with a straw mat or plastic film. When the temperature in the center of the reactor rises to 55 ~ 60 ℃, the pile is turned for 18 hours, inside and outside, and the fermentation is continued. When the temperature in the center of the reactor is raised to 55 ~ 60 ℃, it is maintained for 24 hours, and then turned again. After turning the pile twice, the culture material began to change color, emitting fermentation flavor, no mildew and odor, and a large number of white actinomycetes mycelium grew, and the fermentation ended. Then the pH of the culture material was checked with pH test paper, and the pH was adjusted to about 8. When the temperature of the material dropped below 30 ℃, it was bagged. The production practice has proved that the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus with fermented materials has the advantages of fast mycelium growth, less miscellaneous bacteria and high yield. 4. The low-pressure polyethylene cylinder film with a width of 23 cm, a length of 43 cm and a thickness of 0.025 μ m is selected for bagging, which can be cut off about 180 pieces per kilogram, and each bag can hold 0.7-0.8kg dry material. Manual bagging should be carried out in one handbag, loaded in the other, and pressed while loading. When loading to about 8 cm from the mouth of the bag, compact the material surface, clean the material at the mouth of the bag, close to the material surface after exhaust, wrap it 3-4 times with a rope, fasten it tightly and firmly to prevent water and air intake. Note when bagging: ① should be fully mixed before bagging. The humidity of the material is moderate to see the water seeping out between the fingers without dripping, and the culture material is too dry and wet is not conducive to mycelium growth. When bagging, you should fill the material and mix it at the same time, so as not to dry the upper material and wet the lower material; the material mixed with ② should be finished within 4 hours as far as possible, lest the culture material should be fermented and sour for too long; when bagging, ③ should not kick, drop or knead, press the material evenly, handle it gently, protect the bag and prevent the plastic bag from being damaged. ④ bagging should pay attention to moderate tightness, generally with the hand press elastic, the hand pressure has a slight depression, the hand drag straight for the degree. The pressure is tight and the permeability is not good, which affects the mycelium growth; the pressure loosens the mycelium growth and is weak, and it is easy to break and damage when turning over, which affects mushroom production; the material bag packed by ⑤ is required to be dense, straight, not soft, and the thickness and length of the bag should be consistent to facilitate stacking and mushroom production; ⑥ will check the material bag bag by bag, and immediately seal the break or micro-hole with transparent tape. 5. Key points of sterilization technology: ① clean the sewage in the pot, replace it with clean water, put the bacterial bags into the stove in time and pile them up reasonably. The material bags are stacked up and down in the stove. In this way, not only the porosity is large, it is beneficial to steam penetration, but also the sterilized bag becomes tetrahedral, which is beneficial to inoculation and later management. The four corners of the steam bin leave 15 square centimeters of air passage from top to bottom, and the gap between the row and the row should also be left to ensure the smooth flow of steam and ensure thorough sterilization. ② sterilization should be done "three times". Namely: diligently watch the fire and timely add coal; frequently add water to prevent the dry pot; watch the temperature to prevent the temperature from falling; ③ fire should master "attack, promote the tail, protect the middle". At the beginning of sterilization, the head must be attacked by a big fire, and strive to raise the temperature of the stove to 100 ℃ within 4-6 hours, and start timing. Then stabilize the fire and control the temperature, keep the temperature at 100℃ for 24 hours. In the last 2 hours of sterilization, the fire burns violently to achieve the purpose of thorough sterilization. After the cease-fire, when the temperature drops to about 70 ℃, rush the temperature out of the pot and quickly transport it to the inoculation room for cooling. when the bacterial bag is cooled, it should be stacked in the shape of "well". Pay attention to do not "big head, small tail, middle loose"; ④ to prevent air leakage. The door of the atmospheric pressure sterilizer should be tightly sealed. 6. Vaccination should be strictly operated under aseptic conditions: first, it is necessary to create a relatively sterile environment for inoculation to prevent miscellaneous bacteria infection; second, it must be operated in accordance with certain methods and procedures in order to prevent miscellaneous bacteria from entering the material bag and ensure the success of inoculation. Inoculation process: ① environment disinfection. Clean the inoculation indoors and outdoors and sprinkle it with lime or Bordeaux solution a week before vaccination. Seal the inoculation room 3 to 4 days before use and fumigate for 12 hours with 0.5 kilogram sulfur (or 1 kilogram formaldehyde) for 24 hours. Before entering the room, spray the indoor and outdoor floor and space with disinfectant; the selection and disinfection of ② bacteria. Select the high quality bacteria whose hyphae are white, sturdy, dense and intertwined into blocks, wash the outer wall of the strain bottle with disinfectant and immediately move it into the inoculation room, break the bottle wall under aseptic conditions, take out the bacteria, and break the bacteria into pieces the size of beans, which should not be too big or too broken. ③ when the temperature of the material bag drops to 28 ℃ ~ 30 ℃, untie the rope at one end of the material bag, pull the straight material bag, and spread the bacteria evenly on the mouth of the material bag, be sure to completely cover the culture material at the mouth of the material bag, then close the material bag, cover it with a plastic ring, and tie the paper and the material bag together on the plastic ring with a soft rubber ring. When inoculating, you should pay attention to the following points: ① should be sterilized during vaccination; ② vaccination should be fast and accurate; ③ vaccination and operators must do good personal hygiene, wash hands and hair, cut off nails, and disinfect hands and arms with 70% alcohol. 7. After stacking the mushroom shed (room) for disinfection, carry the inoculated material bag to the mushroom shed (room) and stack the bacteria on the bed. The level of stacking depends on the air temperature. When the temperature is high in summer and autumn, 2-4 layers are stacked, and the material bags are stacked in the shape of a "well". Cross discharge is convenient for heat dissipation, leaving a sidewalk 60 to 70 centimeters wide between the stack and the stack to facilitate operation and ventilation, and to set aside a certain amount of space for stacking and stacking. When the temperature is low in spring or winter, the border bed should be covered with a layer of rice straw or wheat straw so as not to affect the bacteria in the lower layer. At the same time, the bed should be stacked with 10-12 layers, which are covered with plastic film or straw curtain to keep warm, increase the stacking temperature and promote the growth of mycelium. If the mushroom shed has not been built, you can also use open-field bacteria. The fungus field in the open field should be dry, clean and cool, and the stack should be covered with a grass curtain for shading, cover with plastic film before rain, and uncover the film after rain, so that the temperature should be kept at about 20 ℃. The main points of germ management are as follows: keep the temperature of ① and pay attention to the change of reactor temperature. After stacking bacteria, regularly insert a thermometer between the bags to observe the stacking temperature and pay attention to the change of stacking temperature. The best temperature is 25: 30 ℃. When the temperature is higher than 30 ℃, it should be scattered in time, and the ventilation rate should be increased to prevent the hyphae from being burnt out at high temperature. If the temperature is below 20 ℃, you should try to keep it warm. ② is ventilated. The mushroom shed is ventilated 2-3 times a day for 30 minutes each time. It is ventilated in the morning and evening when the temperature is high and at noon when the temperature is low. ③ is kept dry. The air relative humidity in the mushroom shed is 60% to 70%. ④ should be dimmed. Weak light is beneficial to the growth of mycelium. ⑤ turns the pile. After stacking, turn the stack every 5-7 days, stack the lower layer bag up, the upper layer down, the inside out, and the outside inside, so that the bacteria bag is heated and the bacteria are sent neatly. If the bag contaminated by miscellaneous bacteria is found when turning the stack, it should be picked out; if it is found that the mycelium does not eat, it is necessary to find out the cause and take measures in time. ⑥ ventilation replenishes qi. In the early stage of bacteria infection, the oxygen content in the bag can meet the needs of mycelium growth. With the increase of mycelium growth, the lack of oxygen supply in the bag will affect the normal growth of mycelium. When the two ends of the mycelium of the bag grow into the material 2cm each, a pin (or sewing needle) can be used to pierce 8cm holes all over the body at the upper end of the mycelium growth belt, or 3 or 4 holes can be pierced from the mouth of the bag with sharpened bamboo chopsticks, or the rope tied at both ends of the bag can be loosened slightly, making use of the natural tension of the film behind the loose rope to let fresh air into the bag to ventilate and replenish oxygen to promote the healthy growth of mycelium. ⑦ prevents rodent damage. Prevent rats from biting and breaking the material bag, causing miscellaneous bacteria pollution. 8. Problems often encountered in the germ stage and their solutions. ① hyphae do not germinate and do not eat food. Causes: material deterioration, breeding a large number of miscellaneous bacteria; culture material water content is too high or too low; bacteria aging, vitality is very weak; environmental temperature is too high or too low, excessive lime, pH value is on the high side. Solution: use fresh and mildew-free raw materials, use appropriate age bacteria (bacteria age 30-35 days), grasp suitable water content, hold water droplets between fingers, keep greenhouse temperature about 20 ℃, material temperature about 25 ℃, temperature should be slightly lower, not too high, strictly prevent burning bacteria. Do not add bacteriostatic agents to the culture material, and add an appropriate amount of lime, especially when the temperature is low, the amount should not exceed 1%. PH7~8 is suitable. The culture material of ② is sour. Cause: during the period of high temperature, the bacteria did not dissipate heat and cool in time, and the bacteria multiplied in large numbers, which made the material fermentation sour, rotten and smelly; too much water in the material, insufficient air, and anaerobic fermentation led to the decay and odor of the material. Solution: pour out the material, spread out and air, add appropriate amount of new material to continue fermentation, re-bag inoculation; if the material has rotted and blackened, it can only be discarded as fertilizer. The hyphae of ③ shrunk. The cause: the material bag stacking is too high, when the fermentation heat occurs, the material temperature is not stacked in time to dissipate heat, and the material temperature rises to more than 35 ℃ to burn out the mycelium; the material bag is large, the loading is too much, and the fermentation heat is high; the temperature of the bacteria site is too high and the ventilation is poor; the material is too wet and the air permeability is not good, and the mycelium will shrink due to anoxia. Solution: improve the environment of the bacteria-generating site, pay attention to ventilation and cooling; stack bacteria in the material bag, when the temperature is high, stack 2-4 layers, showing a "well"-shaped cross discharge, to facilitate heat dissipation; timely stacking and heat dissipation during the fermentation heat generation of the material bag; grasp the ratio of material to water when mixing, and make it loose and tight when bagging; the width of the film tube selected for bagging should not exceed 25cm to avoid excessive fermentation heat. The wall of ④ bag was covered with bean dregs-like moss. The cause of occurrence: the culture material has high water content and poor air permeability, which leads to the breeding of a large number of yeasts, a large amount of accumulation on the bag film, and the fermentation sour taste appears in the material. Solution: use a 1 cm diameter sharpened log stick to pierce 2-3 holes in the middle of the bag, 5-8 cm deep, to provide oxygen. Soon, the yeast moss attached to the inner wall of the bag will gradually fade, and the mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus will continue to grow. ⑤ mold contamination. Reason: the culture material or strain itself carries bacteria; the sanitary condition of the fungus site is poor or the old mushroom house is not thoroughly disinfected; the mushroom shed is high temperature, high humidity and no ventilation. Click to get more cultivation techniques of Pleurotus ostreatus