How to water and fertilize apple trees?

How to water and fertilize apple trees? What kind of watering and fertilization effect is good? Also ask experienced netizens to help introduce that the watering and fertilization of apple trees have a close impact on the quality and yield of apples, so the planting network has sorted out the watering and fertilization methods of apple trees, which are listed in detail below for netizens' reference. Method 1. Use surface irrigation: generally known as surface irrigation, that is, flood irrigation and long border irrigation, but surface irrigation is a waste of water, especially under the condition of growing grass in the orchard, the flow is blocked by grass, and the amount of irrigation varies greatly in areas with different distance from the water source. Therefore, the apple orchard had better not use flood irrigation and long border irrigation, and carry out the following water-saving surface irrigation methods. 1. Small border irrigation: you can have a row of fruit trees or 2 or 4 fruit trees. The smaller the border, the more water-saving it will be. Small border irrigation must build main canals, branch canals and hairy canals, which affect the mechanical operation of orchards and are suitable for small orchards contracted by households. Soft plastic pipes can also be used instead of branch canals and hairy canals, and the original channels can cover an area slightly higher, so as to walk machinery, overcome the shortcomings of too many ridges and ridges that affect mechanical operation, and save water, which is worth advocating, but the hose should be connected to the faucet with certain pressure, and some orchards and pipes use the same water supply system, which is also very convenient. 2. Trickle gully irrigation: that is, multiple trenches are opened by machinery during temporary inter-row irrigation. Ditch with irrigation, and timely cover soil to preserve soil moisture. Method 2. Drip irrigation: the so-called drip irrigation is the abbreviation of drip irrigation, in which the water is filtered and pressurized at the water source, and the water is transported to the crown of each fruit tree through the pipeline system, and the water is dripped evenly and slowly into the soil by several drip heads. After the water source is turned on, all emitters are irrigated with the same amount of water at the same time. This way of water supply makes the soil around the roots of fruit trees moist, while the rows of fruit trees remain relatively dry. Drip irrigation has many advantages: water saving, it is 1max 2 of sprinkler irrigation and even less than that of surface flood irrigation; there is no need for soil preparation; fruit trees have good growth, high yield and good quality; labor-saving management and high efficiency. Drip irrigation requires high material input and strict requirements on water quality, which is the limiting factor of popularizing drip irrigation in a large area at present. Method 3. Adopt sprinkler irrigation: generally known as sprinkler irrigation, water is sprayed into the air through sprinklers under certain pressure by using water pumps and piping systems, which are dispersed into small droplets and irrigated like rain. Sprinkler irrigation also has the advantages of water saving, no need for soil preparation, high fruit yield, high quality and high irrigation efficiency. Sprinkler irrigation is also beneficial to improve the microclimate of orchards. Sprinkler irrigation also requires a higher input of material resources, and the irrigation efficiency is affected to a certain extent in windy areas. Sprinkler irrigation can be divided into three forms according to the height of sprinklers on the vertical pipe: one is that the sprinkler is higher than the tree crown, each sprinkler controls a larger irrigation area, and more high-pressure sprinklers are used; the other is that the sprinkler is in the middle of the tree crown, each sprinkler only controls part of the irrigation area of the adjacent four trees, using medium-pressure sprinklers The other is that the sprinkler is under the tree crown, a tree needs multiple small sprinklers, and the irrigation area controlled by each sprinkler is very small. This kind of low sprinkler irrigation, also known as micro spray, only uses low pressure sprinklers. Micro-spraying is generally not affected by wind and is more water-saving than medium-and high-level sprinkler irrigation. Method 4. Adopt irrigation and fertilization: general irrigation and fertilization refers to a method of fertilizing orchards through irrigation systems (sprinkler irrigation, micro-irrigation, drip irrigation). The characteristics and advantages of irrigation and fertilization are as follows: 1. The elements of fertilizer have been dissolved, so it can be absorbed and utilized by roots more quickly and improve the utilization rate of fertilizer than if the fertilizer is directly applied to the surface. According to Australian reports, compared with surface irrigation, drip irrigation can save 44%-57% of fertilizer (nitrogen month bar) and sprinkler irrigation can save 11%-29%. 2. The irrigation period has a high degree of flexibility and can be arranged completely according to the needs of fruit trees. 3. Nutrients are evenly distributed in the soil, which neither hurts the roots nor affects the soil structure of the tillage layer. 4. It can save the cost and labor of fertilization. Irrigation and fertilization is especially suitable for adult orchards and densely planted orchards. According to foreign reports, the effect of drip irrigation nitrogen or nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer on young sweet orange trees is good. Some experiments showed that in micro-irrigation and fertilization, the acid content of fruit decreased significantly, but the effect on fruit yield, size and quality was not significantly different from that of direct fertilizer application. The problems that should be paid attention to in irrigation and fertilization: 1. The blockage of sprinkler or drip irrigation is an important problem of irrigation and fertilization, and soluble fertilizer must be applied. 2. The mixed application of more than two kinds of fertilizers must prevent the chemical interaction between each other, so as to avoid the formation of insoluble compounds, such as magnesium nitrate mixed with phosphorus and ammonia fertilizer will produce insoluble ammonium magnesium phosphate. 3. The pH of the water used for irrigation and fertilization should be neutral. For example, the strong alkaline water can react with phosphorus to form insoluble calcium phosphate, which will reduce the availability of many metal elements and seriously affect the effect of application. The amount of fertilizer applied to apple trees: the amount of base fertilizer for apple trees: the practice of various plantations shows that if the application rate of base fertilizer for apple trees is calculated according to the tree age, the amount of organic fertilizer should be increased by 15 kg for each year. In terms of yield, 1.5kg organic matter fertilizer was applied to 1 kg fruit when the yield was less than 22500 kg / ha, and 2.5kg organic matter fertilizer was applied to 1 kg fruit when the yield was above 22500 kg pine ha. The amount of base fertilizer should account for more than 70% of the total amount of fertilizer applied in the whole year. According to the requirements of balanced fertilization with high quality and high yield, appropriate amount of phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and trace element fertilizer should be applied. The amount of topdressing of apple trees: according to experience, it is believed that for every 100 kg of fruit, it is necessary to apply 0.8 ml of pure nitrogen, which is about 2 kg of urea. The general ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be 1: 1: 0.5: 1, and some adjustments should be made in different soils, tree potential and cultivation methods. Topdressing at the root of apple trees: the period, species, and dosage commonly used by apple trees. It can be seen that in the early stage of the growing season, nitrogen is mainly applied, and the urea concentration should be 0.3%-0.4%; in the second half of the growing season, phosphorus and potassium are mainly applied, and the concentration of potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 0.3%-0.5%, and urea is 0.5%-0.7%. Watering period and irrigation amount of apple trees: because the main apple producing areas in China are in the northern semi-arid areas, the annual rainfall is between 550 and 750 mm, and the seasonal distribution of the year is unreasonable, mainly because there is very little rainfall in the long 8-9 months from late autumn to early summer, and the soil and atmosphere are seriously dry. In the early stage of apple shoot growth in spring, it is also the period of fruit setting and young fruit, which is the critical period of water demand, that is, the critical period of water demand. The best watering period for apple trees, if twice a year, should be once after falling flowers, once in late autumn and early winter (frozen water); if irrigated three times a year, it can be added 4-6 weeks after the first irrigation. Try not to irrigate before and during flowering in spring, so as not to reduce the ground temperature and affect fruit setting. After irrigation in late autumn and early winter, there should be good measures to preserve soil moisture so that the water can be maintained until spring as far as possible. The watering amount of apple trees is considered from the fact that a certain drought is beneficial to the growth and water saving of fruit trees, and it is mainly based on soil water content. The soil water content suitable for apple tree growth is 60%, 80%, 60% of the maximum field capacity. 60% is the lower limit. The field capacity (water content as a percentage of soil dry weight) varies greatly among soils of different textures, with clay about 45%, clay loam 40%, sandy loam 28%, and sandy soil only 5% to 8%. The minimum irrigation amount should make the soil moisture of 50m / 100cm thick reach more than 60% of the maximum field capacity, and should be maintained for a certain period of time. When the moisture in the soil is reduced to immobile, it is difficult for plants to absorb and use the soil moisture, and the soil water content is called water equivalent. The irrigation amount of several kinds of soil near the water equivalent can be used as the minimum amount of orchard, and the most ideal irrigation amount, such as the table, can be used as a reference. Generally, the irrigation amount should not be large before the rainy season, but should be larger in the dry period after the rainy season. Identification method of soil water content in orchard: when the soil type is fine sandy soil or sandy loam soil, if the hand-pinched soil feels dry and uncool, the soil water content is 3%-4%, which belongs to dry soil moisture; if the hand-pinched soil is slightly moist, the soil water content is 6%-8%, which belongs to gray soil moisture; if the hand-pinched soil is obviously wet, the soil water content is 10%-12%, which belongs to yellow soil moisture. If the hand squeezes the soil into a mass, and there are traces of moisture on the hand, the soil water content is 14% 16%, which belongs to brown soil moisture; if the soil can be squeezed out when holding the soil in hand, the soil water content is 18% 20%, which belongs to black soil moisture. When the soil type is light loam or medium loam, if the hand-pinched soil feels dry and uncool, the soil water content is 4%-6%, which belongs to dry soil; if the hand-pinched soil is slightly moist, the soil water content is 8%-10%, which belongs to gray soil moisture; if the hand-pinched soil is obviously moist, the soil water content is 12%-14%, which belongs to yellow soil moisture. If the soil can be clustered by hand, and there are traces of moisture on the hand, the soil water content is 16%-18%, which belongs to brown soil moisture; if the soil can be squeezed out when holding the soil, the soil water content is 20%-22%, which belongs to black soil moisture. When the soil type is heavy loam or clay, if the hand-pinched soil feels dry and uncool, the soil water content is 6%-8%, which belongs to dry soil moisture; if the hand-pinched soil feels slightly wet, the soil water content is 10%-12%, which belongs to gray soil moisture; if the hand-pinched soil is obviously moist, the soil water content is 14%-16%, which belongs to yellow soil moisture. If the soil can be clustered by hand, and there are traces of moisture on the hand, the soil water content is 18%-20%, which belongs to brown soil moisture; if the soil can be squeezed out when holding the soil in hand, the soil water content is 22%-24%, which belongs to black soil moisture. Temperature requirements for the growth of Apple trees fertilization methods for Apple trees