Introduction to cultivation techniques of Flammulina velutipes

Culture material formula and preparation method: 1. Formula: for the cultivation of white Flammulina velutipes, the raw materials and formula should mainly consider the content of carbon and nitrogen and the ratio between them. Generally speaking, less auxiliary materials can be added to nutritious raw materials, and more wheat bran can be added to raw materials with less nitrogen. Because Flammulina velutipes is a natural deficiency of vitamin B1 and B2, it is necessary to add vitamin B-rich corn flour and wheat bran to the culture medium. At present, the three most commonly used formulas for cultivating white Flammulina velutipes throughout the country are as follows: 85% of ① cottonseed husk, 10% of wheat bran, 3% of corn flour, 1% of gypsum and 1% of lime. ② sawdust 68%, wheat bran 25%, cornmeal 5%, gypsum and lime 1% each. ③ corncob 73%, wheat bran 20%, cornmeal 5%, gypsum and lime 1% each. 2. preparation method: when mixing the material, first mix the main material and auxiliary material which are insoluble in water, then dissolve gypsum and lime in water, then add water to the culture material and turn it once with a shovel. The ratio of material to water should be about 1RU 1.2. Finally, mix all the ingredients with a mixer. It should be noted that after mixing, strive to quickly bag and sterilize, if the accumulation of heat for a long time, the culture material will be rancidity. 2. Bagging and sterilization: 1. Bagging: the most commonly used plastic bag for cultivating white Flammulina velutipes is low-pressure high-density polyethylene (17cm × 34cm × 0.04cm). When bagging, first tie one end to death, and then use manual or bagging machine to load the material, to achieve the appropriate tightness and avoid the break of the plastic bag, the amount of dry material in each bag is 0.45kg, and finally tie up the other end with plastic rope. 2. Sterilization: the most commonly used method of sterilization is atmospheric pressure sterilization. In the vast rural areas of our country, there are usually two methods of atmospheric pressure sterilization: one is a soil steamer, and the other is to use a small atmospheric boiler to produce steam. The specific methods of sterilization with atmospheric pressure small boilers are as follows: first clean the sterilization place, and then put the plastic baskets (polypropylene) or iron baskets full of bags layer by layer, generally sterilizing 3000mm 5000 sticks at a time. Cover it with a layer of plastic sheet (two layers of old plastic sheet can be used), and then cover it with a layer of tarpaulin. Press it with a sandbag around. At this time, the atmospheric pressure small boiler can start a fire to heat up, and the water vapor it produces enters the sterilization stack through two plastic pipes placed at the bottom of the bacteria stick in advance. After about 3-5 hours, the temperature in the stack reached more than 100 ℃, and the time began to sterilize for 12-15 hours. Third, vaccination: the whole process of vaccination should be carried out according to aseptic operation, whether the aseptic operation can be achieved is the key to the success or failure of vaccination. The method of inoculation can be divided into inoculation box, vaccination tent and inoculation room. Inoculation box is the most commonly used vaccination method for every family, especially for new cultivators. Inoculation account and inoculation room are commonly used methods for large-scale production of conditional mushroom farms. The inoculation methods with the inoculation box are as follows: 1. Inoculation box and treatment: the tightness of the inoculation box must be good. The sleeve of the inoculation box should be made of two-layer cloth which should not be breathable, with two elastic belts in front and back. The old inoculation box should be washed with water and dried in the sun before use, and then fumigated and sterilized again. Keep the inoculation box in a dry, clean and airtight room as far as possible. 2. Strain selection and treatment: there must be a special person to select the strain before use. The pre-treatment method for the selected bacteria is as follows: first, wash the dust off the surface of the bacteria with 0.5% formaldehyde water, and then soak the bacteria in 3% Lysol solution for a few seconds. 3. Fumigation: put the bacteria stick which has been sterilized and cooled to less than 26 ℃ into the inoculation box, at the same time, put the bacteria and inoculation utensils into the inoculation box and light the smoke disinfectant for fumigation. The fumigation time is 1 hour. 4. Vaccination: vaccination can be carried out immediately after fumigation. The specific methods of inoculation are as follows: inoculators should wash and disinfect their hands. Light the alcohol lamp in the inoculation box and inoculate on top of it. The action should be skillful and fast. Each bottle of bacteria (500ml) can be inoculated with 15 sticks (inoculated at both ends). Fourth, bacteria management: the inoculated bacteria sticks will be transported to the bacteria room or plastic greenhouse in time for bacteria management. Whether it is a sterilization room or a plastic greenhouse, the most important requirements are: clean, dry, ventilated, protected from light and suitable temperature. In the cultivation of Flammulina velutipes in China, due to the different mushroom production methods in the south and the north, the placement of bacteria sticks is also different. In addition, the placement of bacteria sticks in summer and winter is also different. The main purpose of the germ management of Flammulina velutipes is to create some conditions suitable for the mycelium growth of Flammulina velutipes. The key points of hair management of Flammulina velutipes are as follows: the temperature should be controlled at 20-25 ℃, the mycelium grows slowly and affects the mushroom time when the temperature is too low, and the mycelium grows faster when the temperature is high, but the quality of mycelium is poor, which affects the yield. The lower the humidity of the bacteria, the better, and do not spray water during the whole process. The mycelial growth of white Flammulina velutipes does not need light, especially direct sunlight. The germ-generating place should be ventilated according to the temperature. After 10 days, the plastic rope at both ends of the stick can be removed to increase oxygen, or a large needle can be used to pierce the hole at both ends of the stick to increase oxygen. Try not to turn the stick in the process of producing bacteria to avoid the formation of primordium in the middle of the stick. If it is found that a small amount of contaminated miscellaneous bacteria do not move, when the hyphae of most rods grow to half, pick out the sticks with heavy pollution at both ends or in the middle, and the culture material in the bag can be used for Coprinus comatus or straw mushroom cultivation after crushing and drying. Fifth, mushroom production management: the mushroom production management of white Flammulina velutipes has a great influence on its yield and quality. In the south of China, the way of mushroom production is mostly on the ground or on the bed frame, and the method of "primordium regeneration" is also often used. The way of mushroom production in northern China is mostly semi-underground plastic greenhouse three-dimensional wall at both ends of the lateral mushroom. The direct mushroom method is often used in the method of mushroom production. No matter what kind of mushroom production methods and methods, the key points of mushroom production management are as follows: 1. White Flammulina velutipes mushroom promotion method: when the mycelium of the stick (bacterial bag) is full, it can enter the mushroom production management stage for about a week. First of all, pull the mouth of the bag to make the bag film leave the material surface to increase oxygen and accelerate buds. At the same time, in the inoculation place at both ends of the bag, the obviously larger bacteria block should be removed, and a small amount of large young mushrooms should be pulled out in time. Otherwise, on the one hand, most mushrooms can not get nutrition, on the other hand, it will affect the overall occurrence of mushroom buds. The most important thing at this stage is humidity, and all measures should be taken to increase humidity to 909.98%. Because the number of primordia formed at this stage directly affects the final yield, and the higher the humidity, the more primordia are formed. When there is a contradiction between ventilation and humidity, humidity should be put first. If the fungus and the mushroom are on the same site, it should be ventilated continuously for 2-3 days before mushroom stimulation, so as to completely eliminate the exhaust gas produced during the sterilization period. Once the mouth of the bag is pulled, there should be less ventilation and high humidity. In addition, at this stage, the temperature should be controlled at 8: 13 ℃. Maintain proper scattered light to stimulate the formation of primordia. 2. Fruiting body growth: when a large number of caviar-like mushroom buds appear on the material surface, the whole bag should be opened in time and the temperature should be controlled at 8: 10 ℃. When the mushroom grows above 3cm, it can appropriately reduce the humidity and illuminance and promote the stalk growth. Ventilation should be carried out according to the shape of mushrooms, and the concentration of carbon dioxide should be kept at 0.1-0.15%. If the mushroom shed is too airtight, it is easy to form needle mushroom, affecting the yield and quality. In this situation, do not panic, immediately carry out ventilation, increase the light, a few days can be changed. The focus of this stage of management is to control the temperature, the temperature should be controlled below 10 ℃, because the temperature directly affects the product quality and shelf life. If the temperature exceeds 13 ℃, fresh Flammulina velutipes has a short shelf life and is prone to decay. Please pay attention to this. In addition, the most common problem at this stage is "burning bacteria at high temperature". Because a large amount of biological heat will be produced in the fruit body growth stage of white Flammulina velutipes, the temperature in the greenhouse will reach more than 13 ℃, resulting in unnecessary economic losses. Especially in the northern region, due to the use of three-dimensional cultivation, there are more mushroom bags per unit area, which is more likely to produce high temperature. Harvest: 1. Harvest standard of white Flammulina velutipes: when the stalk of white Flammulina velutipes grows to 12~14cm and the cover is within 1.2cm, it should be harvested in time. Two measures should be taken before harvest: one is to cool down, which aims to prolong the fresh-keeping time of mushrooms; the other is to ventilate and reduce humidity to make the mushroom body look good. If some bacterial sticks are forming primordia in the same mushroom workshop or shed when picking mushrooms, they can not be ventilated and wet, and fresh mushroom products can be ventilated and humidified after harvest. 2. Harvesting method of Flammulina velutipes: in the same mushroom shed, the time of picking mushroom is also different because of the different time of opening bag and forming primordium and the temperature of upper layer and lower layer. The basic principle is to pick the big and keep the small, and choose the harvest according to the harvest standard. After harvest, the "hairy mushroom" at both ends of the stick should not be picked or scratched, which is conducive to the formation of the second crop of mushrooms. Click to get more Flammulina velutipes planting technology click to get more edible mushroom planting technology