There are two kinds of pokeweed with purple stem and poisonous stem, while the green stem is a kind of high quality wild forest vegetable.

Phytolacca acinosa L.

Phytolacca acinosa Roxb is a sturdy perennial herb belonging to Phytolaccaceae. It is widely distributed in red soil and low hilly areas south of Yangtze River. Among the existing varieties distributed in China, there are mainly Phytolacca acinosa (wild radish) and Phytolacca acinosa (American pokeweed, American pokeweed, decamericana pokeweed). According to its shape, it is called amaranth, radish, pokeberry, rouge and so on. Because the shape is very similar to the purslane family Cotinus (commonly known as soil ginseng or soil ginseng) and was mistaken for soil ginseng planted everywhere. Roots plump, fleshy, conical. Leaves ovoid, entire. Summer and autumn flowering, white flowers, racemes. Carpels eight, free. Berry compressed globose, purple-black. Infructescence erect.

The dried root of the medicinal pokeweed. Digging from autumn to the next spring, removing fibrous roots and sediment, cutting into pieces or pieces, drying or drying in the shade.

Root medicine, white hypertrophy is preferred, red root is highly toxic, only for external use. Unblocking stool, expelling water and resolving masses, treating edema, fullness, beriberi and throat arthralgia, external application for carbuncle swelling and sore poison. It can also be used as veterinary medicine and pesticide. The fruit contains tannin, which can be extracted from tannin extract. The tender stems and leaves can be eaten by vegetables.

Pokeberry mainly produces Henan, Hubei, Shandong, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and so on.

morphological characteristics

Herbs perennial, 0.5-1.5 m tall, glabrous throughout.

root

Root hypertrophy, fleshy, obconical, outer skin pale yellow or taupe, inside yellow-white.

stem

Stems erect, terete, longitudinally grooved, fleshy, green or purplish red, much branched.

ye

Leaf blade thin papery, elliptic, oblong or lanceolate-elliptic, 10-30 cm long, 4.5-15 cm wide, apex acute or acuminate, base cuneate, tapering, scattered on both sides with fine white spots (needle crystals), abaxial midvein raised; petiole 1.5-3 cm long, stout, grooved above, semicircular below, base slightly flattened and broad.

spend

Racemes terminal or opposite leaves, terete, erect, usually shorter than leaves, densely many-flowered; peduncle 1-4 cm long; basal bracts of pedicel linear, ca. 1.5 mm long, distal 2 bracteoles linear-lanceolate, homogeneous membranous; pedicels thin, 6-10 (-13) mm long, base thickened; flowers bisexual, ca. 8 mm in diam. Tepals 5, white, yellow-green, elliptic, ovate or oblong, apex rounded, 3-4 mm long, ca. 2 mm wide, equal in size, often reflexed after anthesis; stamens 8-10, subequal to tepals, filaments white, subulate, base lamellate, persistent, anthers elliptic, pink; carpels usually 8, sometimes as few as 5 or as many as 10, distinct; styles short, erect, apex recurved, stigma inconspicuous.

fruit

Infructescences erect; berries depressed globose, ca. 7 mm in diam., black when ripe; seeds reniform, black, ca. 3 mm, 3-ribbed.

growth habit

Phytolacca acinosa has strong vitality and is often wild at the foot of mountains, forests, roadsides and houses in front of houses. It is distributed in plains, hills and mountains. It likes warm and humid climate conditions, cold tolerance and waterlogging tolerance, suitable growth temperature of 14~30℃; the above-ground parts wither when falling leaves in autumn and winter, while the underground fleshy roots can withstand low temperatures of-15℃. Wide adaptability to the soil, whether sand or red loam, whether fertile or barren soil, can grow luxuriant foliage,

distribution

Southwest to northeast China, Korea, Japan and India also have.

propagation method

Phytolacca acinosa is simple to reproduce, both roots and seeds can reproduce. Seed direct seeding and fleshy root planting are generally available. From August to September, select the mother plant of Phytolacca oleifera, harvest when the fruit turns purple and black, put it in water, rub off the outer skin, and dry it for later use.

seed propagation

Fast speed, can be direct seeding or seedling transplanting, direct seeding in late February for sowing. As a protective green manure, sowing seeds in shallow holes with row spacing of 1. 0m x 1. 5m on terrace wall, 8~10 seeds per hole (germination rate of seeds is 70%~80%), covering soil 1~2cm after sowing, covering charred mud is more effective. 20~25 days after sowing, seedling emergence, seedling height 10~15cm, 1~2 seedlings per hole. Seedling transplanting, can first be in the width of about 1m of the bed surface sowing, and then covered with a thin layer of grass, until the seedling height of more than 10cm, in cloudy days or afternoon transplanting.

succulent root colonization

selecting fleshy roots with bud roots for planting from the middle of November to the middle of December when perennial roots are not budding, cutting and supporting the parts with bud roots, smearing plant ash on 3-4 cuts of each bud root, sowing according to the specification of plant spacing of 40cm * 40cm, covering the soil with 3 - 4cm, and then applying high-quality agricultural fertilizer to cover the pond for moisture retention. Water the seedlings as appropriate.

cultivation techniques

watering and weeding

After seedling fixing, top dressing or severe drought, water twice. When moisture content is appropriate, loosen the soil and weed lightly, keep the soil surface sparse, moist and weedless.

topdressing

After seedling identification, spray 0.5% urea solution on leaf surface for a few times, and the total amount shall not exceed 225kg/hm2. In the following spring, before the emergence of plants, shallow ditches were opened in the middle of the two rows and potassium sulfate compound fertilizer was applied about 1200kg/hm2. From July to August, spray 1% potassium sulfate or 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate about 1800kg/hm2, once every 15 days, continuously spray 3~4 times.

overwintering

In order to make Phytolacca acinosa survive the winter safely and increase organic fertilizer in the ground, 6000kg/hm2 of broken firewood such as wheat and rice chaff were sown in the field planted in the same year at the end of autumn and early winter.

Antheraea chinensis

Phytolacca acinosa blooms from June to August. Except for those who keep seeds, all flowers and moss will be cut off to reduce nutrient consumption.

bingchong prevention

Phytolacca acinosa has no disease in the whole growth period. Because of its tender stems and leaves, the main pests are aphids. It can be used with 600 times solution of 40% Kephixing and 1000 times solution of 25% aphimicarb. The maximum application times are 3 times and 2 times respectively. The safety interval is 7 days. No pesticide residue was detected. A small amount of aphids can also be used without pesticides. After picking, soak them in dilute saline solution for 10 seconds, and then wash them again with clean water, which is more in line with environmental protection requirements.

root rot

The pathogen of Phytolacca acinosa root rot is a semi-known fungus. The injured plants were withered above ground, the rhizomes turned brown, and the roots rotted seriously.

Control measures: select land with good drainage; timely drainage in rainy season; soil disinfection with 70% quintozene 15kg/hm2.

economic value

green manure

Phytolacca acinosa L. as green manure for fertile fields, its fertilizer efficiency is very significant. The fresh stems and leaves generally contain nitrogen 2%~3%, phosphorus 0.3%~0.6%, potassium 2%~4%, and other dry matter 9%~31%. Production practice in many places has proved that the fertilizer effect of using Phytolacca acinosa leaves as green manure is better than that of other grasses and green leaves. In addition to the high fertilizer content of Phytolacca acinosa itself, it is also because its leaves are tender and easy to decompose, which is easy to be absorbed and utilized by crops. Especially in the large area of barren low hilly red soil in the south, due to high acidity, low fertility, heavy soil viscosity and shallow soil layer, it is difficult for ordinary crops and trees to grow, while planting citrus, loquat, longan and litchi fruit trees needs fertilizer. If Phytolacca acinosa is interplanted in orchards of red soil wasteland, it can not only resist drought and barren, but also has no diseases and insect pests, easy cultivation and high yield. Generally, fresh stems and leaves can be harvested from 3500 to 4750kg per 667m2, so it is called pioneer green manure of red soil wasteland. It is reported that the yield of orange trees fertilized with Phytolacca acinosa as green manure is about 3% higher than that of the control group.

As manganese accumulating plants

Nowadays, with the enhancement of environmental protection consciousness, people gradually realize that heavy metal pollution in soil has a great impact on environment and human health, and manganese pollution in soil and water has also attracted people's attention. Manganese entering soil through various ways accumulates continuously in soil, and it is difficult to control soil manganese pollution because of its non-degradation. The investigation shows that Phytolacca acinosa L. has obvious enrichment effect on Mn, and the highest Mn content in leaves is 19299 mg/kg. This discovery provides an economical and effective method for manganese pollution control.

Extraction and production of biological pesticides

According to literature reports, the Awad people in northern Ethiopia can kill snails with schistosomiasis by suspending pokeweed berry dry powder in water, and its efficacy is not easily disturbed by the external environment, and its toxicity to mammals is very low. Plant snail-killing drugs have little environmental pollution and have been encouraged by WHO since 1980s. The results showed that total saponins of Phytolacca chinensis had strong molluscicidal effect, and the effect of 125mg/L given for 24h was equivalent to that of sodium pentachlorophenol (10mg/L).

There are two kinds of pokeweed, the purple stem is poisonous and inedible, and the green stem pokeweed seedling is a high-quality wild forest vegetable. The upper part of the Shang Dynasty generally withers in autumn and winter, and sprouts sprout in the spring of the second year. It is a first-class wild vegetable variety. Because Phytolacca acinosa is a perennial herb, once planted, it can be harvested for many years, and the spring yield per 667m2 is more than 2t.

However, after Qingming Festival, the stems and leaves are not edible after lignification. In many places, Phytolacca acinosa is cultivated as a vegetable, which becomes a good way to get rich in mountainous rural areas.

Phytolacca acinosa L. has a good function of soil conservation and water conservation, especially suitable for newly cultivated terraced orchards in red soil. Due to heavy rainfall in southern China, the washing of large amounts of rain in spring and summer makes the ladder walls of newly cultivated orchards often slide and collapse.

Phytolacca acinosa is suitable for growing in red soil, with developed root system, thick root flesh, deep and wide distribution, rapid and luxuriant growth of branches and leaves, so the effect of water and soil fixation is good.

It is reported that the introduced pokeweed is planted on the terrace wall of orange garden in red soil hills. As a protective wall plant, before planting pokeweed, the terrace wall often slides and collapses due to the washing of rain in rainy season; after planting pokeweed, all the terrace walls are intact and no collapse occurs, which not only avoids repair work, but also protects soil and water and increases green manure.

In the severe drought season, orange garden watering irrigation many times, the green bean is still due to drought death; while the seed on the ladder wall is not watered, but still grow luxuriant, branches and leaves thick green, even in the high temperature noon also did not show wilting phenomenon.