Introduction to the planting technique of Purple Potato-Black Potato

Black potato

Black potato is not genetically modified food, nor is it space breeding. Black potato originated in Peru in South America, where there are more than 3,000 potato varieties of all colors. Black potato resources come from there. In fact, this variety existed when potatoes were introduced into China, but due to low yield and other reasons, they have not been paid attention to, just like tomatoes, due to color problems. No one dared to eat it. Later, Chinese agronomists saw this variety and did research in this respect. Through national laboratory tests, it was found that black King Kong potatoes were rich in proanthocyanidins, reaching 1700 mg per kilogram, as well as various vitamins and minerals needed by the human body. through testing, black potatoes were also found to be rich in longevity element selenium. These are all things that I didn't know before.

This planting management procedure is for reference only, the specific operation is light combined with the local climate and other conditions according to local conditions.

Purple potato (also known as black potato / purple potato / black potato): the potato is long oval in shape and has small bud eyes. The pericarp is dark purple, black and shiny. The pulp is dark purple, good-looking and attractive in color. The starch content of the pulp is as high as 13-15%, the taste is good and the quality is excellent. It is determined that every 100 grams of black potato contains 2.3 grams of protein, 0.1 grams of fat, 16.5 grams of carbohydrates, 11 milligrams of calcium, 1.2 milligrams of iron, 64 milligrams of phosphorus, 342 milligrams of potassium, 22.9 milligrams of magnesium, 0.01 milligrams of carotene, 0.1 milligrams of thiamine, 0.03 milligrams of riboflavin and 16 milligrams of nicotinic acid. This variety is rich in anthocyanins, anthocyanins can not only inhibit carcinogens, but also enhance human immunity, delay aging, enhance physique and enhance eyesight.

Purple potato is a new variety of colored potato which integrates food, nutrition, health care and appreciation. It not only has the excellent quality of delicate, fragrant and noodle, but also has the unique appearance of bright color, and has the effect of preventing cancer and beauty. The cultivated area of purple potato is still small in China, and the price per kilogram is 8-12 yuan, which is 6-8 times that of ordinary potato. It is popular in domestic and foreign markets. In the next few years, it has considerable economic benefits and great development prospects.

I. characteristic characteristics

The seedlings are erect, the plant clusters are luxuriant, the plant type is tall and the growth potential is strong. The plant height is 60 cm, the stem diameter is 1.37 cm, the stem is dark purple, and the cross section is triangular. The main stem is well developed and has few branches. Leaves dark green, petiole purple, Corolla purple, petals dark purple. Potato body long oval, smooth skin, dark purple, black shiny, full of luster. The sweet potato meat is dark purple and compact. The appearance color is seductive. The starch content is 13-15%, and the quality of the flavor noodles is good. The bud eyes are shallow and the number of bud eyes is medium. Tuber is concentrated, 6-8 tubers per plant, and the weight of single potato is 120-300 grams. The whole growth period is 90 days, which is a mid-early maturing variety with strong drought and cold tolerance, wide adaptability and storage resistance of potato pieces. Resistant to early blight, late blight, ring rot, black shank, virus. The average yield per mu is 1000-1500 kg. It is suitable for the cultivation of potato in the main and secondary producing areas of the whole country, and the development prospect is promising.

Second, edible value

Purple potato is nutritious, containing 2.3 grams of protein, 0.1 grams of fat, 16.5 grams of carbohydrates, 11 milligrams of calcium, 1.2 milligrams of iron, 64 milligrams of phosphorus, 342 milligrams of potassium, 22.9 milligrams of magnesium, 0.01 milligrams of carotene, 0.1 milligrams of thiamine, 0.03 milligrams of riboflavin, 0.4 milligrams of nicotinic acid, 16 milligrams of ascorbic acid and 100 milligrams of anthocyanins. Purple potatoes can be used as side dishes as well as special dishes. Fried, fried, roasted, boiled, simmered, steamed, fried, etc., can be made into 500 dishes of delicious food with different shapes and shapes. In addition, it is rich in antioxidants, which can maintain the original natural color without adding pigment after high-temperature frying.

III. Key points of cultivation

1. Sprouting and slicing: 20-30 days before sowing, the selected seed potatoes were placed evenly under the environment of 20 ℃, properly sprayed with water and shaded with grass mulch. When the young buds grow to the size of soybeans, put the seed potatoes in a warm and sunny place to make the seedlings green and strong buds. Cut the seed potato 1-2 days before sowing, and the weight of each seed potato is about 25 grams. Small seed potatoes are cut vertically, with strong buds at the top of each cut; large seed potatoes are cut from the tail to eliminate weak buds, arranged in the order of the bud eyes, cut diagonally from the top, and finally split the top into two. Cut pieces with a knife must be strictly sterilized with 75% alcohol.

2. soil preparation and sowing: purple potato has a short growth period and needs more concentrated fertilizer. 3-5 square of high quality organic fertilizer, 20 kg of diammonium phosphate, 20 kg of urea and 10 kg of potassium sulfate are applied per mu, and the soil is ploughed and raked after fertilization. Purple potatoes should be sparse but not dense, ditching according to row spacing of 70 cm, ditch depth of 5 cm, phoxim granules were applied to control underground pests such as ground tigers. Sowing according to the plant spacing of 25-30 cm, about 3500 seedlings per mu.

3. Field management: after the seedlings are unearthed, the seedlings should be broken and released in time, and the seedling holes should be sealed with wet soil. When the seedlings are full, in order to promote the early emergence of seedlings, foliar fertilizer can be sprayed 2-3 times; in the flowering stage, the buds should be removed in time. In order to improve the rate of large potato, 800 times of sweet fruit essence can be sprayed on the leaves for 2-3 times. The main disease of purple potato is late blight, and the pests are aphids and ladybugs. The control of late blight can be sprayed with 64% poisonous alum 600x, and the control of aphids and ladybugs can be sprayed with 18% Lesbon 1000 times.

4, timely harvest: timely harvest according to the market supply and marketing situation, harvest process to minimize mechanical damage, so as not to affect the quality of goods.

Black potato

Several main links in the cultivation of black potatoes

Black potato, also known as purple potato, has a large and small size, smooth skin, not only the skin is black-purple, its pulp color is also purple. According to experts, this purple potato is not only good-looking in appearance, but also has much higher nutritional value than ordinary potatoes. It not only contains starch, protein, organic acids and other elements that ordinary potatoes have, but also is rich in anthocyanins, VC, carotene and other vitamins. It is known as "underground apple" and "second bread".

Because black potatoes have not been planted on a large scale in China, but they have been planted in some areas of most provinces since 2006, and have been planted in Gansu for three years, resulting in good economic benefits. At the same time, after many experiments, we have summed up a set of mature planting experience. It is provided to you for reference.

I. selection of improved varieties

The selection of improved varieties is an important link in high-yield cultivation of black potato.

II. Land selection and preparation

Black potato is a crop that cannot tolerate continuous cropping. Plots that grow black potatoes should choose plots that have not grown black potatoes and other eggplant crops in three years. Black potato is very sensitive to continuous cropping, so continuous cropping must be avoided in production. If black potato is planted continuously on a piece of land, it will not only cause serious diseases, such as bacterial wilt, but also cause soil nutrient imbalance, especially some trace elements, resulting in poor growth, short plant, low yield and poor quality of black potato. The effect of black potato rotation with rice, corn, wheat, barley and other plants is better.

The expansion of black soil bean tubers requires loose and fertile soil. Therefore, it is best to choose the weak acid sandy loam with flat terrain, irrigation condition, good drainage, deep plough layer and loose soil for planting black potato. After the previous harvest, deep ploughing and fine raking should be carried out, and then the bed should be made. The width and height of the border depends on the topography and soil moisture. Those with high terrain and good drainage can be used as wide beds, while those with poor drainage should be made into narrow beds or high beds.

Third, apply sufficient base fertilizer

Black potatoes form a large number of stems, leaves and tubers during the growing period, so they need more nutrients. Among the three elements of fertilizer, potassium is the most, nitrogen is the second, and phosphorus is the least. The application of sufficient base fertilizer plays an important role in increasing the yield of black potato. The base fertilizer of black potato should account for 3 or 2 of the total amount of fertilizer used. Base fertilizer is mainly composed of rotten barnyard manure and human and animal manure, combined with phosphorus and potash fertilizer. General mu has fertilizer machine 1000-1500 kg, superphosphate 15-25 kg, plant ash 100-150kg. Base fertilizer should be combined with border or hole digging in the soil layer below 10 cm to facilitate plant absorption and loosening of tuber layer. When sowing, 20-30 piculs of rotten human and animal manure per mu or 5-8 kg of nitrogen fertilizer are used as seed fertilizer to make seedlings emerge quickly and neatly and promote the healthy growth of seedlings.

IV. Seed potato treatment

(1) selected seed potatoes

On the basis of the selection of improved varieties, healthy potato varieties with regular shape, smooth skin, bright color and moderate weight of 1-2 were selected as seeds. When selecting seed potatoes, the tubers with cracked epidermis, deformities, tips, necrosis of bud eyes, diseased spots or black rot on the navel should be strictly removed.

(2) slicing and small whole potato planting

Seed potato cutting and planting: can promote oxygen exchange inside and outside the tuber, break dormancy, early germination and seedling emergence. However, when cutting, it is easy to spread the disease through the knife, resulting in rotten seeds, lack of seedlings or increase the incidence of disease in the field, and accelerate the degradation of varieties. Cut into too large pieces, with a large amount of seed, generally cut into 20-30 grams is appropriate. When cutting pieces, cut longitudinally so that each piece has a bud eye with a top advantage. When slicing, diseased potatoes should be removed, and the utensils for slicing should be strictly disinfected to prevent the spread of disease.

Small whole potato planting: it can avoid cutting knife to spread disease, and small whole potato has strong vitality and drought resistance, seedlings emerge early and neatly after sowing, and the number of buds per hole, main stem and tuber increase. Therefore, using about 25 grams of strong sweet potato as seed has a significant effect on disease prevention and yield increase. But the growth period of sweet potato is generally short, the maturity is low, the dormancy period is long, and there is often premature senility in the later stage. In cultivation, it is necessary to master the appropriate density, do a good job of sprouting treatment, increase the application of potassium fertilizer, and cooperate with the corresponding nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, in order to give full play to the production potential of sweet potato seed production.

(3) sprouting

Sprouting is an important measure to prevent disease and high yield in black potato cultivation. Sprouting before sowing can promote precocious maturity and increase yield. At the same time, in the process of accelerating germination, diseased rotten potatoes can be eliminated, and the rate of diseased plants or lack of seedlings and broken strips in the field after sowing can be reduced, which is beneficial to the whole seedling. The method of accelerating germination: the seed potato was placed alternately with sand in layers, with a thickness of about 3-4 layers, and kept at the optimum temperature of about 20 ℃ and under the condition of frequent wetness. The seed potato could germinate after about 10 days. During germination, seed potato soaked in 0.5-1ppm gibberellin solution or 0.1-0.2% potassium permanganate solution for 10-15 minutes or 2% thiourea for 20 minutes could improve the germination effect.

5. Sowing seeds at the right time

The important condition to determine the suitable sowing time of black potato is the temperature of the growth period. In principle, the peak period of black potato should be under the condition of daily average temperature of 15-25 ℃. The longer the period suitable for the continuous growth of tubers, the higher the total weight. Most of them are planted after harvesting late or medium rice. It is better to sow autumn potato from late September to late October and winter potato from late December to mid-January.

VI. Reasonable close planting

The yield factor of black potato is the product of the number of plants per unit area and the yield per plant. The yield per plant is determined by the number of tubers per plant and the weight of potatoes per plant. However, there is a contradiction between the yield increase of population and that of single plant. When the number of plants per unit area increased, the yield per plant decreased accordingly, and both of them had a certain dependent relationship with planting density. In a certain range of density, the population yield increased with the increase of density, while the yield per plant decreased with the increase of density. Therefore, to determine the density, the two contradictory factors of population yield and individual yield must be considered. If the density is small, although the individual plant develops well and the yield is high, but because the total number of plants per unit area is small, the tuber is less, and the yield is not high. If the density is too high, although the total number of plants is large, but the weight of single potato is very low, the same yield is not high. Therefore, reasonable close planting is to make a reasonable population structure per unit area, which can not only make good individual development, but also play the role of increasing production of the population, in order to make full use of light energy and soil fertility, so as to obtain high yield. Considering the coordinated development of population and individual, under the general cultivation level, black potato has about 6000 plants per mu and 2-3 stems per plant.

Black potato

VII. Field management

(1) check seedlings and replenish seedlings

After all the black potatoes come out, check the seedlings in time, and replenish the seedlings in time if there are missing seedlings, so as to ensure the whole seedling. The method of seedling replenishment is as follows: when sowing, the extra potato pieces are closely planted in the field to replenish the seedlings. When replenishing seedlings, if there is a diseased rotten potato in the hole, the diseased potato and its surrounding soil should be dug up first and then the seedlings should be replenished. When the soil is dry, the seedlings should be planted after digging holes and watering, combined with a small amount of fertilizer, so as to reduce the slow seedling time and restore growth as soon as possible. If there are no spare seedlings, the holes of multiple seedlings can be selected from the ridges and rows where the seedlings emerge in the field, and the excess seedlings can be broken off from the base of the sweet potato block and transplanted to replenish the seedlings.

(2) cultivating soil by ploughing

Middle ploughing loosens the soil and loosens the soil of tuber layer, which is beneficial to root growth, stolon elongation and tuber expansion. If the soil surface is hardened before emergence, the soil should be loosened to facilitate seedling emergence. After finishing the seedlings, carry out the first intertillage in time, the depth is 8-10 cm, and combined with weeding, 10-15 days after the first intertillage, the second intertillage should be slightly shallow. When budding, the third intertillage is carried out, which is shallower than the second intertillage. And combined with soil cultivation, the soil thickness is not more than 10 cm, in order to thicken the tuber layer, avoid potato exposure and reduce the quality.

(3) topdressing

Black potato takes a long time from sowing to emergence. After emergence, it is necessary to apply bud fertilizer with clear dung water and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer as soon as possible to promote the rapid growth of seedlings. In the bud stage, combined with soil cultivation, one-time topdressing of potato fertilizer, mainly potassium fertilizer, combined with nitrogen fertilizer, the amount of fertilizer depends on the growth and appearance of the plant. After flowering, it is generally no longer fertilized, and if it shows the phenomenon of de-fertilizing and premature senility in the later stage, it can be foliar sprayed with phosphorus and potassium or combined with Dizubao trace elements.

(4) Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests

Black potato has many diseases, such as virus disease, late blight, bacterial wilt, ring rot, scab, cancer and so on. Late blight mostly occurred in Rain Water in more seasons and around the flowering stage of the plant. Therefore, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of Bordeaux solution or Trichoderma as soon as possible. At present, chemical control of bacterial wilt is difficult, and the control methods are mainly through reasonable rotation, selection of disease-resistant varieties and small whole potato as seeds. The main pests of black potato are ladybugs, soil silkworms, aphids, grubs, mole crickets and so on.

8. Harvest

When the growth of black potato stops and most of the stems and leaves are withered and yellow, the tuber is easily separated from the stolon, the periderm hardens, the specific gravity increases, and the dry matter content reaches the maximum, that is, the optimum harvest time for edible tuber. The use of tubers should be harvested 5-7 days in advance in order to reduce the adverse effects of high temperature in the later growth stage and improve the seed character.

IX. Causes and Prevention of degradation of Black Potato

(1) the reasons for the degradation of black potatoes

Black potatoes are planted in spring in hot summer areas in the south. After a year or several years, the yield gradually decreases, or even no harvest at all. This phenomenon is called black potato degradation. The direct external cause of black potato degradation is virus damage. Mosaic virus, mosaic virus, common mosaic virus and hammer tuber virus are common in southern China. These viruses infect plants and cause degradation through vectors such as mechanical friction, aphids, leafhoppers or soil nematodes. High temperature is the indirect external cause of black potato degradation. When black potato is cultivated at high temperature, its growth potential is weak and its disease tolerance is decreased. Moreover, high temperature is beneficial to the reproduction, infection and spread of the virus in the plant, which aggravates the harm of the virus and aggravates the degradation. The internal cause of the degradation of black potato is the virus resistance of varieties. The disease of the varieties with strong disease resistance is lighter, the degradation is not serious, and the disease is serious and the degradation is more serious in the varieties with weak disease resistance. Therefore, varieties with strong disease resistance should be selected.

(2) measures to prevent the degradation of black potatoes

1. Select varieties with strong disease resistance. The selection of varieties with strong disease resistance is an effective measure to prevent degradation. At the same time, attention should be paid to improving the breeding system and system of improved varieties, establishing seed retention bases in high mountains, and combining the selection of improved varieties with virus prevention and protection, so as to maintain the productivity of improved varieties and prolong their useful life.

2. Autumn sowing and late sowing. Autumn sowing and late sowing make the tubers grow in a cool climate, enhance disease resistance, and are not conducive to virus reproduction and infection, and can reduce degradation.

3. Remove the virus:

The main results are as follows: (1) select superior plants to expand propagation. In the fields where the virus infection is not serious, a robust and excellent single plant is selected to propagate and leave seeds, and the diseased plants are eliminated.

(2) using real potato as seed.