Comprehensive techniques for winter management of apple trees

Apple trees ​ bumper harvest

In the management of apple trees in autumn and winter, the common methods are as follows: to strengthen the tree, delay senescence, eliminate diseases and insect pests, adjust the size and year, and improve the quality of fruit.

1. Pruning

The suitable period of apple tree pruning in winter should be flexibly controlled according to variety, tree age, tree potential, site conditions and so on. If the cut is pruned too early, it is easy to suffer frost damage and form a dry pile; too late pruning will weaken the tree potential and affect the yield. Therefore, different apple trees should choose the right time for pruning.

(1) pruning essentials

The main results are as follows: 1. Pruning of young trees should be carried out according to the principle of "giving priority to light, attaching equal importance to shaping and fruit, and promoting early yield increase". The main results are as follows: (1) for 2-4-year-old young trees, under the premise of arranging the backbone branches, the key point of pruning is to clean up a layer of secret techniques and straighten the tree shape. According to the planting density, the small crown sparse layer shape (less than 80 plants per mu) and free spinning shape (more than 80 plants per mu) can be popularized. Sparse layer shape of small crown: 4 main branches were selected in the first layer, and the secret technical branches affecting the growth of backbone branches were cleaned after selection, 2 branches per year, and strive to clean them up in 2 years. Free spinning shape: 4 small twigs are selected every year, the distance between the main branches is 20 cm, and 3 are cleaned every year, and strive to be cleaned up in 3 years. After several years of adjustment and cleaning, the sparse lamellar shape of the crown was retained with one main branch, 1 Mel 2 auxiliary branches, and 10 Mel 13 main branches by free spinning.

2. Pruning of mature trees. The pruning of adult trees is for the purpose of "improving light, improving branch quality, stabilizing high quality and increasing production". The focus of pruning is to remove more than two layers of past tense dense large auxiliary branches, large lateral branches and large branch groups, so that the retained branches of more than two layers extend outward as far as possible, and the total branch quantity accounts for less than 20% of the total branches of the whole village, in order to facilitate the light of the inner chamber of the first layer. If the crown is too high, you should gradually fall your head and be happy according to the strength of the tree, and control the height of the tree below 3.5 meters; if the crown has been handed over, the extruded branch group should be thinned or transformed into a small branch group, lengthening the truncation of the branches, slowly promoting the inside, or changing the direction and angle of the main side branches by turning the main head, so that the upper and lower branches are staggered with each other, and the crown group is kept at about 1 meter, so as to improve the lighting conditions of the population and individuals.

(2) cutting off diseased branches and insect branches according to the investigation, many kinds of diseases and insect pests of apple trees overwintered on the branches. For the diseases and insect pests overwintering on the trees, the damage can be obviously reduced in the coming year by thoroughly cutting off the diseases and insect branches and burning them or burying them deeply.

(3) scraping off the coarse old bark and cracks in the thick old bark and trunk of fruit trees, there are often a large number of overwintering germs and pests. Scraping off the thick old bark and burning it or burying it deeply has a good control effect on a variety of diseases and insect pests, and sometimes some pests can even be completely eliminated.

Second, replanting

(1). Tree selection

1. Young trees (1-7 years old) cultivated apple trees regardless of Arbor or dwarfing. At this stage, the target tree should be a slender spindle spark free spindle. The new garden must be built according to the standard. The planting density should not be more than 55 plants per mu.

2. The tree in the full fruiting stage (8-15 years old) the Qiaohua orchard was gradually transformed into a main trunk, and transferred to a happy shape.

(2) Technical points

1. Thinning: that is, digging. Where there is a serious intersection between plants and serious row closure affects the orchards with high normal working density, the Qiaohua orchard is 2cm 3mur4m (8110 trees per mu) and the dwarfing orchard is 1.52mi 3m (148trees per mu). The method of "plum blossom shape" or digging 1 or 2 at one time should be adopted to thoroughly solve the problem of ventilation and light transmission of the population. After the modification, 70 trees were retained per mu, and all the 15-year-old fruit trees were built in a happy shape, with no more than 55 trees per mu (see cutting garden can not be dry for the time being). In other special cases, permanent and temporary plants can be determined, except for the big branches on the temporary plants that affect the growth of the permanent plants, and leave more fruit branches on them. 2 thinning once within 3 years, after thinning, attention should be paid to preserving the extension culture of the plant fruit branches to promote the growth and fruiting.

2. Stem lifting: increase the density according to different target trees, the height of stem lifting should be 1.2m, and the minimum height should be 80cm.

3. Tree thinning: spindle-shaped, thinning of coarse branches, maintaining a thickness ratio of 1 to 3, thinning of excessive, whorled, opposite, overlapping branches, and maintaining uniform spiral growth. Except that the main branch is too thick, the fruit branch is too thick, and the uniaxial extension is maintained. Five permanent main branches of 3mi were permanently selected in happy shape, and the large, medium and small scattered distribution of sagging, semi-sagging and slowly releasing fruit-bearing branches were cultivated on them, and the main fruit-bearing curtain was gradually formed. On the premise of not affecting the permanent tree, the temporary plant should retain fruit branches as far as possible, leaving no reserve branches.

4. Control crown: control the height and width of the crown. The height of the tree is controlled at 80% line spacing.

5. Sagging: to induce the sagging of the fruiting branches to make the fruit shape correct.

(3) points for attention

1. Pay attention to keeping the injured fruit. In the pruning, in addition to the regular disinfection of the pruning tools, the larger saws should be smeared with fungicides such as carbendazim, then sealed with white floating glue or paint or wrapped with plastic paper, and the trunk should be whitened in time.

2. Strengthen the comprehensive management of the four seasons. Carve buds in spring, cut around in summer, pull branches in autumn and strengthen soil and fertilizer management to ensure tree health.

III. Fertilization

The most common fertilization methods in orchards are strip ditch application, ring ditch application and radial ditch application. The depth of the trench is 60~70cm and the width is 30~40cm. The amount of fertilizer application depends on the age of the tree or the type of fertilization. After opening the ditch, the whole or crushed corn straw is fully mixed and buried in the ditch with ring manure, chicken manure and phosphate fertilizer. Generally, each plant is required to use 20-30 kg straw, 50-60 kg organic fertilizer, 1-5 kg phosphate fertilizer, 1-2 kg ammonium bicarbonate or appropriate amount of biological bacterial fertilizer.

IV. Tree protection

1. When the branches are white, 10 kilograms of water, 4 kilograms of calcium carbonate, 0.5 kilograms of sodium chloride, 0.1 kilograms of clay and 0.5 kilograms of trichlorfon powder are fully mixed to make the whitening agent and apply it evenly on the trunk and branches with a brush.

two。 After the leaves of fruit trees were sprayed with 200 times pentachlorophenol sodium solution and 1500 times 1605 solution, the trees were sprayed throughout the orchard to eliminate overwintering pear scab, apple rot, ring disease, red spider, pear star caterpillar and so on. It can also be sprayed with Baume 3-5 degree polysulfide solution before germination.

3. The formula for branch wound wax is 800 grams of rosin, 300 grams of alcohol, 100 grams of oil and 50 grams of turpentine, evenly mixed and smeared with a brush, which can play a better role in protecting the trunk and cut.

4. Heat preservation and anti-freezing in order to prevent strong wind cooling to cause frost damage to apple trees, wind barriers can be set up in the north or northwest of the orchard; when there is a cold wave, moist firewood and grass can be lit in the downwind to release a large amount of smoke, so that smoke generally pervades the orchard and produce Greenhouse Effect.

Fifth, watering

Before the soil is frozen, a flood irrigation can be carried out on the orchard, or it can be irrigated individually, but it must be fully watered at once. This can increase soil water holding capacity, promote the decomposition of soil nutrients, and eliminate insect pests. 6. Winter is the period when fruit tree diseases and insect pests lurk over the winter, and the position is relatively fixed, so it is a good time to kill diseases and insect pests and effectively depress the occurrence degree of diseases and insect pests in the following year. Put more effort in winter, spend less in spring, and harvest good fruit in autumn. Fruit growers can take the following technical measures according to the occurrence of diseases and insect pests such as apple bark moth, branch rot, ring rot, anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf roll moth, leaf mites, aphids, beetles, heart-eating insects, shell insects and so on.

1. Clean the orchard. When the fallen leaves of the fruit trees reach more than 90%, or in November, the orchard will be cleaned up. All items such as litter, weeds, diseased branches, fallen fruit, fruit waste boxes, waste wood piles, and abandoned chemical fertilizer bags that may provide overwintering places for apple bark moths and other diseases and insect pests can be destroyed in large quantities.

2. Scraping the bark can eliminate the overwintering insect sources such as apple bark moth, red spider and small leaf roll moth by scraping the rough skin and warped skin under the main branches of the fruit trees during the dormant period of winter and before sprouting in early spring. Apple tree rot, stem ring disease, dry rot and other branch diseases can be detected. After finding the disease, scrape off the disease spot in time, and use 45% Sinalin water solution 100 times, or 843 rehabilitation agent original solution to apply foam to the branches. When scraping, do not damage the xylem of the fruit tree, take the scraped bark out of the orchard and burn it centrally. After shaving, the branches of fruit trees should be painted white in time.

3. After deeply turning the soil and cleaning the orchard to before the soil is frozen, turn the 20~30cm under the canopy around the fruit tree, and pour water after deep turning, so as to change the environmental conditions of the soil and destroy the overwintering place of pests. It can reduce the source of overwintering insects such as apple bark moth, peach heart borer and beetles in the soil.

4. After the branches were coated with ginkgo leaves to the soil before freezing, the trunk and branches of the apple trees were whitened with lime whitening agent. The height of whitening is generally 60~80cm. The preparation ratio of whitening agent is generally as follows: 10 parts of quicklime, 2 parts of stone-sulfur mixture, 2 parts of salt, 2 parts of clay and 40 parts of water. You should apply it again in early spring. It can prevent the occurrence of sunburn disease and frost injury of fruit trees, and at the same time eliminate pests and germs such as apple bark moth larvae overwintering on the trunk.

5. After trapping and killing pests in autumn, a circle of wheat straw, Walloon paper or armyworm paper tape is tied to the tree trunk to trap pests to survive the winter, which can be unbound and concentrated burned in October to destroy the mature larvae of apple bark moth and other pests.

6. Spraying 5% diesel oil emulsion or Baume 5 degree stone sulfur mixture for 1 / 2 times during the dormant period has a good effect on overwintering scale insects, red spiders and so on.