What factors will affect the efficiency of fertilizer?

What factors will affect the efficiency of fertilizer? Please introduce the following reasons that affect fertilizer use efficiency: 1. Differences in fertilizer varieties. Among elemental fertilizers, different forms of fertilizer have different suitable crops and fertilization time; for example, nitrate nitrogen is suitable for most dry land and autumn and winter seasons, and the effect is better than ammonium nitrogen; potassium chloride is suitable for paddy fields and crops that pay attention to fiber, while potassium sulfate is better for crops related to starch and sugar content; for crops rich in aromatic substances such as tobacco and onion garlic, ammonium bicarbonate is more suitable than urea. .. By the same token, there are great differences in the application and use time of compound (compound) fertilizers with different raw materials. two。 The difference of fertilizer quality. The purity and impurity content of elemental fertilizers from different producing areas and production processes are different, so there is a great difference in their application effect. For example, the burning of calcium superphosphate seedlings often occurs in agricultural production because of excessive contents of free acid, trichloroacetaldehyde and trichloroacetic acid; some urea biurets exceed the standard and cause leaf burning; some friends may know that the use of many potassium dihydrogen phosphate in the young fruit will lead to pericarp scars, while some potassium dihydrogen phosphate will not, all because of fertilizer quality factors. 3. Differences in quality of commercial fertilizers. This includes fertilizer appearance form, content, weight, composition and so on. For example, powdered fertilizer is more likely to hurt leaves than improper use of granular fertilizer; defects in the process of slow and controlled release fertilizer cause nutrient release problems; differences in content and weight lead to differences in user dosage and plans, and so on. In the case of low threshold for fertilizer production, inadequate supervision and inadequate supervision, some commercial fertilizers also have some problems in this respect, which affect the effect of use. 4. Selection of fertilizing varieties and formulations. There are great differences in nutrient requirements of different crops and different growth stages. Before use, fertilizers should be selected according to fertilizer performance, crop fertilizer requirements and production management mode. For example, most crops have higher requirements for phosphorus in the seedling stage and greater demand for potassium in the later stage, so phosphate fertilizer and balanced compound fertilizer are more suitable for base fertilizer; water-soluble fertilizer and high-potassium compound fertilizer are suitable for late growth; before crops are about to enter reproductive growth, they should stop using high-nitrogen fertilizers and use fertilizers with higher phosphorus and potassium. There are some friends do not pay attention to the supplement of trace elements, partial application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, naturally is also in vain. This is the first step in fertilizing. If you choose the wrong fertilizer, how can it be effective? 5. Fertilizing time. Crops, like people with three meals a day, have to be replenished on time. What many farmers are playing now is "do not scatter eagles without seeing rabbits," do not see full branches of diseases and insects, do not apply medicine, and leaves that are not yellow, do not apply fertilizer; otherwise, when the market is good, they are topdressing every three days, one irrigation every five days, and the pursuit of "big and complete" fertilization sooner or later, using everything together. Everything has a "degree", should not be applied, should not be applied indiscriminately, how can we see the effect of fertilization? For example, calcium fertilizer, because of its slow absorption and transmission, should be supplemented in time before the peak of demand, otherwise it is easy to appear symptoms of calcium deficiency. Therefore, on the basis of laying a good base fertilizer, timely and appropriate topdressing according to the growth needs of crops can give full play to the fertilizer effect. This fertilization time also includes the time of the day suitable for fertilization. There are differences in temperature and humidity in the morning, middle and evening. It is recommended to avoid applying fertilizer at noon with high temperature, high humidity and strong light, especially when applying fertilizer on the leaf surface. This helps to avoid damage to crop roots, shoots and leaves. 6. The way of fertilization. This means how to provide fertilizer to crops so that they can absorb and use them. The common methods in production are: surface sprinkling, mixed water application, burying application, flushing flood irrigation, drip irrigation under plastic film and foliar sprinkler irrigation. The best way is drip irrigation under plastic film and buried in the soil to cover, the effect of spreading is the worst! But most farmers like to give because they find it troublesome. Now we can see that the utilization rate of their water-soluble fertilizer products is nearly 60-80% (credibility? ), should be achieved through drip irrigation, burying, etc., think that ammonium bicarbonate surface application may be only a few percent utilization rate, Khan! Some manufacturers put too much emphasis on the effect of foliar topdressing, which is also a "lure". Uncle Li said earlier that he would wipe your face with wet towels to quench your thirst on a hot day, all right? Foliar topdressing is suitable for the peak period of crop growth, when the root system and transport system can not provide sufficient nutrients in time, as well as the appropriate and rapid supplement of trace elements. Now the way of injecting nutrients into branches is also good, which is convenient for the regulation and control of nutrients. 7. Fertilization location. It is divided into two parts underground and above ground. The rhizome of the plant is often a strong root system, and its absorptive capacity is limited. If the fertilization position is too far away from the root system, it is not easy to use. For different crops, the fertilization location should be determined according to the root distribution characteristics of different growth stages in order to facilitate crop absorption. At the same time, the fertilization position of fertilizer in plant root system should be determined according to the type of fertilizer applied. For example, fruit trees generally regard the size of the tree as 30-50cm away from the trunk, and a ring zone is determined as the best range of fertilization in the crown dripping water. Hole application, strip application, radioactive ditch application and so on can also be determined in this ring zone, while it is better to apply phosphate fertilizer concentrated in the dense root system in this ring zone. The fertilization position is too close to the plant, which can easily lead to burning seedlings and damaging the tree stem. As for the depth of fertilization, it should be determined according to the type of crops, and the range of 5-40cm below the surface is the best. For supplying nutrients through the aboveground parts, first of all, the utilization of the back of the leaves is better than that of the leaves; the use of strong leaves is better than that of the old leaves; secondly, different nutrients have different effects in different parts of the plant, such as spraying the old leaves which are easy to transfer, and it's not easy to cause problems. Now some garden trees and fruit trees are using trunk, thick root soaking or injection fertilization, the effect is also very good. 8. The amount of fertilizer. The amount of base fertilizer should be determined according to soil, crop growth and yield (including root, stem, leaf, flower and fruit). When topdressing, the amount of topdressing should be determined by considering the situation of base fertilizer and the interval of fertilization. A blind amount of fertilization will either lead to crop de-fertilization and early senescence, or lead to crop overgrowth and waste of fertilizer and labor. 9. The factors of mixed application of fertilizer. With regard to the mixed application of fertilizer, we should consider whether the mixed fertilizer will cause volatilization, solidification and other factors. For example, whether the pH is consistent, whether there is a reaction, whether there is antagonism; most of the time, calcium fertilizer should be applied alone to avoid affecting the use of calcium and other nutrients; phosphate is easy to combine with iron and manganese to affect the use of phosphorus and trace elements; sometimes some fertilizers will produce hygroscopic phenomenon after mixing, which will also affect the use and utilization of fertilizers. 10. Types and varieties of crops. There are differences in fertilizer requirements for different crops and different varieties of the same crop. Generally speaking, fertilization can not meet the demand, but also easily lead to the problem of de-fertilization. For example, leguminous crops and melons and different growth stages have great differences in nitrogen requirements; different varieties of the same crop sometimes have great differences in growth and nutrient demand, so fertilizer should be applied according to their characteristics. 11. Crop growth. In crop growth, the growth is different, there are seedling stage, middle and late stage, strong, overgrown, poor growth or even premature senility, disease and insect pests. In whether or not to apply, we should also fully consider the crop growth status to determine how to apply fertilizer and how much fertilizer. Special attention should be paid to the growth of crop roots, which is easy to ignore! Because of its different growth status, the nutrient absorption capacity is quite different, sometimes the root system is poor, too much fertilization aggravates the damage to the root system, resulting in less growth or even shrinkage of the more fertilized crops. twelve。 Soil conditions. There are great differences in soil quality, such as the water and fertilizer retention capacity of sandy loam and clay, and the difference of soil nutrients, such as the lack of organic matter and some trace elements in shale weathered soil and sandy soil. on the other hand, alluvial flat soil is rich in organic matter and has strong buffer capacity to high fertilizer concentration. The difference of soil PH value directly causes the obstacle of crop nutrient absorption, such as some soils with high salinity and pH value, iron, zinc and molybdenum can not be absorbed and utilized, and the harm of chloride ion should be paid attention to in production. The PH value also affects the absorption of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the same period. Some continuous cropping time is too long, the accumulation of toxic and harmful substances in the soil affects the normal growth of crops, the effect of reasonable stubble change and matching application of microbial fertilizer is better; there is a greater difference between dry land and paddy field, and some effects are described in moisture. 13. Moisture factor. These factors include soil moisture, air humidity, precipitation and so on. Nutrients in soil or leaves are greatly affected by moisture factors, such as fertilizer concentration, fertilizer release rate, fertilizer physical and chemical properties transformation, fertilizer loss and so on. For example, affected by the level of technology and technology, many controlled-release fertilizers actually have higher requirements for moisture, and the release described by manufacturers is not necessarily affected by moisture at all, let alone ordinary compound fertilizers. For example, in the case of excessive drought, boron is not easy to be absorbed, and iron is not easy to be absorbed in waterlogging; fertilizer loss is aggravated by defects in the way of fertilization in the rainy season. Therefore, moisture is also a factor affecting fertilizer use. 14. Temperature factor. On the one hand, the difference in temperature will affect not only the absorption of nutrients by roots, but also the absorption of foliar supplementary nutrients due to the opening and closing of stomata. For example, in low temperature in spring, the absorption of calcium and magnesium in roots of crops is very poor, which often leads to the symptoms of lack of calcium and magnesium in plants; when nutrients are well absorbed in high temperature, it is easy to grow plants. On the other hand, the change of temperature also has a great influence on the physical and chemical properties of fertilizer, which is more lost at high temperature, for example, ammonium bicarbonate volatilizes more at high temperature. In the greenhouse, fertilizer damage often occurs when the temperature is too high, because pay attention to ventilation and cooling, eliminate excess harmful ingredients. 15. Light factor. This point often does not attract people's attention, because when the light is strong, the temperature is usually very high, which is attributed to the temperature factor. But in pesticides, this point is more emphasized, light not only has a great impact on the physical and chemical properties of fertilizer, but also has a certain effect on the absorption of nutrients by plants, for example, plants have a great effect on zinc under strong light conditions. sometimes white leaves can be seen on ginger, which is also due to the problems of ginger's absorption of zinc, iron and other trace elements; the problem of nutrient absorption also occurs in tea under strong light. In the application of foliar fertilizer, the absorption of fertilizer was affected by the effect of strong light on leaf stomata. Strong light is often accompanied by high temperature, resulting in excessive water loss of plants, and even lead to fertilizer damage. In addition, the uneven distribution of fertilizer caused by human and mechanical factors, the uneven spraying of foliar fertilizer caused by atmospheric flow, the defects of planting facilities and so on are easy to interfere with the use of fertilizer. Click to get more compound fertilizer application techniques