Nutritional value and utilization of apple pomace feed

Nutritional value and processing of apple pomace feed using he Keyong Xue Quanhong route Xin Health (Northwest University of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology) China is one of the countries with the largest apple output in the world, of which about 20% is used for fruit juice processing, with an annual output of about 1 million tons. Apple pomace is a good succulent feed resource, which is composed of peel, core and residual pulp, and contains many nutrients such as soluble sugar, vitamins, minerals, cellulose and so on. Foreign countries have achieved remarkable economic benefits by using fruit dregs as feed. For example, countries such as the United States and Canada have listed apple pomace, grape pomace and citrus pomace as the standard feed ingredients for pigs, chickens and cattle in the feed composition tables issued by the state. However, fruit pomace in China has not been well utilized. At present, except a small amount of apple pomace is used as feed, most of it is discarded as waste. As the water content of apple pomace is as high as 70% to 80% and is rich in soluble nutrients, it creates suitable conditions for the breeding and reproduction of microorganisms, so the abandoned apple pomace is very easy to rot and stink. This not only causes a waste of resources, but also pollutes the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to study and develop the nutritional value, processing and utilization of apple pomace feed, so as to turn waste into treasure and solve the contradiction between people and animals for food. 1 in the nutritional composition of apple pomace and the feed apple pomace of fresh pomace, the peel and pulp accounted for 96.2%, the seed accounted for 3.1%, and the pedicel accounted for 0.7%. Its nutritional composition and nutritional value are shown in Table 1. Table 1 nutritional composition and nutritional value of apple pomace dry matter (%) crude protein (%) crude fiber (%) crude fat (%) nitrogen-free extract (%) crude ash (%) calcium (%) phosphorus (%) digestible energy (bovine) (MJ/kg) metabolic energy (bovine) (MJ/kg) wet residue 20.21.41.213.70.820.022.8142.310 dry residue 89.04.414.84.862. 82.30.110.1014.4249.366 silage 21.41.74.41.312.91.10.020.022.942.394 as shown in Table 1 The content of crude protein in apple pomace was lower, while the content of crude fat and nitrogen-free extract was higher. The metabolic energy (cattle) value of dry residue was close to that of corn (10.668MJ/kg) and wheat bran (9.534MJ/kg), and that of fresh residue and silage was close to that of corn silage (2.478MJ/kg). In addition, it is also rich in calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, manganese, sulfur and other mineral macroelements and trace elements, in which the iron content of dried fruit residue is 4.9 times that of corn; the contents of lysine, methionine and arginine are 1.7, 1.2 and 2.75 times that of corn, respectively, vitamin B2 is 3.5 times that of corn, and total sugar accounts for more than 15% of nitrogen-free extracts. The pH of fresh apple pomace is 3.5-4.8, and the acidity is high, so the palatability of fresh apple pomace is poor at the beginning. Before feeding fresh dregs, it is best to neutralize them with 0.5% sodium hydroxide and 1.0% edible alkali, and the feeding amount should not be too large. It is appropriate to account for 1 beat 3 of the diet of cattle, sheep and fattening pigs, and it is better to be mixed with mixed feed. According to the experiment of Zhang Ling, Wang Cong, Huang Yingxiang et al. (2002), adding 10% fresh apple pomace to the diet had no adverse effect on feed intake, daily gain and feed utilization efficiency of fattening pigs, and reduced the feeding cost and improved the economic benefit. In the diet of lactating cows, 2kg mixed apple pomace was used instead of 1kg mixed concentrate. After 30 days of feeding experiment, the daily milk production of the experimental group was 19.17kg, while that of the control group was 17.61kg. The milk yield of the experimental group was 8.86% higher than that of the control group, and the difference was significant. The ratio of milk to feed in the test group was 2.65 1kg, while that in the control group was 2.16. Per consumption of 0.49kg feed, the test group produced more 0.49kg milk than the control group, and the feed reward was increased by 22.68%. Beef cattle can also be fed with 15% fresh apple pomace instead of concentrate. 2 processing and feeding of apple pomace due to the high moisture and acidity of fresh apple pomace, the proportion of fresh apple pomace in the diet should not be large, and it is not easy to store; at the same time, the production of fruit pomace has obvious seasonality, so it is necessary to make full use of the feed resources of apple pomace, so it must be processed. Although it is still in the stage of research and development, it has achieved some good results and benefits. 2.1 silage can reduce some insurmountable problems in the feeding of fresh apple pomace. The silage method of apple pomace is the same as other silage, but because of its high moisture content, the moisture content of apple pomace silage alone should be reduced. It can also be mixed with corn (with and without sticks), wild grass, bran and short hay. The proportion should be calculated as suitable for silage according to the water content of the raw materials used. However, the requirement for fruit residue must be pollution-free fresh fruit residue processed within 1-2 days (other mixed storage raw materials should also ensure the quality), which should be stored along with transportation. In silage, if appropriate amount of urea and microecological agents specially used for silage can be added, the content of protein and the quality of silage can be improved. According to the experiment conducted by Zhang Weipeng, Xu Changjun and Shen Meiqing (2002) on lactating cows, one group of cows were fed with mixed silage 20kg of 1:3 ratio of apple pomace to corn straw, the other two groups of concentrate were fed with corn straw silage 20kg, and the three groups of concentrate 7kg were fed with dried corn straw 5.5kg and concentrate 8kg per day. After 60 days of feeding experiment, the average daily production of 1.2kg milk per cow in group 1 was higher than that in group 2, and the yield of 2.2kg was higher than that in group 3. According to Zhang Mingqi, Zhang Xiangning and Zhang Shouqing (2001), the milk yield of dairy cattle fed with apple pomace silage instead of 40% corn silage was 10.8% higher than that of the control group (p < 0.01). 2.2 after drying, dried apple dregs can be crushed into dry powder according to the need, which is not only palatable, easy to store, convenient for packaging and long-distance transportation, but also can be used as raw material for formula feed and pellet feed for all kinds of livestock and poultry. Drying can be done by natural drying and artificial drying. Natural drying can only be dried on sunny days for several consecutive days, keeping moisture at about 10%, and drying about 2 tons for every 10 tons. Natural drying does not require special equipment, as long as there is a drying cement floor or brick floor site, so the investment is low and the cost is low; but there must be good sunshine for several consecutive days, and it is easy to cause mildew and deterioration on cloudy and rainy days. Manual drying requires mechanical equipment and energy consumption, high cost, but good drying effect, high quality, less nutrient loss, not affected by the weather. Therefore, its drying should be in accordance with local conditions. Can also be a combination of the two, that is, the first use of good weather to its natural drying, so that moisture is reduced to a certain extent, and then use artificial drying, which will reduce the cost. Dried apple pomace powder can be used as a raw material for mixed feed and can replace some corn and wheat bran. According to the feeding level and feed situation of livestock and poultry in China, the recommended proportion of dried apple dregs in formula feed is as follows: piglets account for 3%-7%, fattening pigs 10%-25%, chicks 2%-4%, young chickens 5%-10%, laying hens 3%-5%, cattle and sheep concentrate supplement 10% 25%. In addition, some dried apple pomace can be added to the forage grass of cattle and sheep. When using dried apple pomace powder as formula feed, the dosage can be increased from less to more, and gradually increased to the recommended proportion, so that livestock and poultry have an adaptive process. Through the experiment, when the pigs were fed with dried apple pomace powder instead of part of the concentrated feed, the average daily gain reached 550g, and the feed consumption per kg gain was 0.6 kg less than that of the control group; adding 1.5%-3.0% dried apple pomace powder to the chicken diet could increase the weight gain by 25%-27%. According to the experiment of Yang Fuyou, Qi Zhouyue and Li Caifeng (2000), fresh apple pomace was silaged first in peak production season, and then dried by high temperature in summer in June, July and August of next year. At this time, natural drying only takes 2 to 3 days, and there is no need to collect the pile at night, which saves labor and time, the drying effect is good, and the quality is high. In this way, it not only solves the problem of fresh fruit residue treatment in fruit juice factory, but also finds a living way for the labor arrangement of fruit juice factory in summer off-season; at the same time, it also solves the contradiction that fresh fruit residue is difficult to store and transport to far away, and increases the economic benefit for fruit juice factory. Such a fruit juice factory is not only a fruit juice factory, but also a raw material production plant for silage-dried fruit dregs. 2.4 due to the high content of nitrogen-free extract of apple pomace, the bioactive feed of apple pomace can be transformed into single-cell protein feed by adding suitable nitrogen source and microbial fermentation to improve the nutritional value of apple pomace. Zhang Yuzhen et al isolated yeast from apple pomace by double-layer plate method, and studied the effects of different fermentation temperature, culture medium, pH value, nitrogen source and water content of culture medium on cell protein composition. It was considered that the optimum culture temperature was 35 ℃, the pH value suitable for growth was 6.0-6.5, urea was an ideal nitrogen source medium, and 55% water was suitable for yeast growth. Ji Baoping and others believe that the suitable medium for apple pomace fermentation is wheat bran, bean cake, rapeseed cake, cottonseed cake, brewer's grains and so on. Uric acid and ammonium sulfate are added as inorganic nitrogen sources of 1.5% uric acid and 2.0% ammonium sulfate. The excellent strains used in fermentation production were Geotrichum albicans + Trichoderma Corning and Geotrichum oryzae + Rhizopus oryzae. The crude protein content of fermentation products increased from 20.10% to 29.30%, an increase of 45.77%. Xu and others used laser mixed bacteria to ferment apple pomace to produce feed protein, the suitable fermentation temperature was 30-34 ℃, the inoculation ratio was 4:1, and the inoculum size was 10%. According to our research, the protein content of fermentation product can be increased by Aspergillus Niger and yeast fermentation. the crude protein content and pure protein content of inoculated treatment were 50.0~65.0g/kg and 33.5~54.4g/kg respectively, which increased by 15.2% / 49.8% and 5.7% / 71.6% compared with control (uninoculated) 43.4g/kg and 31.7g/kg, respectively. The effect was better after adding inorganic ammonium nitrogen sulfate. the content of pure protein in the inoculated fermentation product was 41.2~98.7g/kg, which increased by 17.4% to 181.2% compared with the aseptic control. Cao Min and Diao Qiyu used apple pomace as substrate and fermented feed instead of beet meal or other feed to feed dairy cows. Group 1 and group 2 increased milk 1.89kg and 1.91kg compared with the control, and milk fat percentage, milk protein content and total milk solids were improved. The annual profit increase of each cow was 1498 yuan and 1,196 yuan more than that of the control group. China is a country with a serious lack of feed protein, which has long relied on imported fish meal and other protein feed to meet domestic needs. According to the utilization efficiency of fruit residue feed, apple residue bacterial feed will become the development direction of fruit residue feed utilization, and it will be of great significance to the development of feed industry in our country. At present, many researchers are sparing no effort to carry out development and research work. (brief reference) [this post was last edited by shifuming2007 at 23:14 on 2008-2-15]-- where can I buy apple pomace? How much is the price? -- how to use it on poultry and pig feed? -- I've been looking for it for a long time, and I finally have it. Thank you for the good information-- Apple pomace is really good in cow material, but it's not good to buy now, usually in Xi'an, Shandong and other places. It is a seasonal raw material. Some can have seven proteins. Can the digestion of apple pomace be so high? Is the sugar content very high? What kind of sugar is it? -- how to add it to pig and chicken feed, and how effective is it?-- downloaded Thank you.-- No more, it's too dark-- it looks like garbage to me. And there may be pesticide residues! Better boycott! -- the development of unconventional raw materials belongs to waste utilization, turning waste into treasure, support!-- it belongs to turning waste into treasure, but you don't know what the price is? If food processing enterprises are strictly guarded, the possibility of pesticide residues will be reduced.