Greenhouse cultivation techniques of Panax quinquefolium in Hainan area

Huo ginseng fruit taste unique, taste will leave a touch of herbal fragrance in the mouth, and rich nutrition, is a rare sugar-free fruit, more suitable for the elderly and patients with diabetes. In recent years, the ginseng fruit has been popularized and planted in the south of China, which is liked by the majority of consumers. Let's take a look at the facility cultivation methods of the ginseng fruit in Hainan.

I. introduction performance

1.1 performance of plant characters

The plant characters of Radix Scutellariae cultivated in greenhouse are shown in figure 1. It takes 3.0 to 3.5 months from sowing to harvest. The main vine is thick 4.57mm, the plant height is 3.6m, the stem is 5-angled, and the branch vine has strong growth ability. After stopping pruning, the branch vine will continue to grow, crisscross and cover into pieces, with average leaf length 10.38cm, leaf width average 13.66cm, leaf shape index 0.76. the leaf is flat and round, which is an entire leaf. The leaves and petioles were covered with stiff setae, the petiole was long 6.92cm and the petiole was thick 3.05mm. The flowers are small, yellow and monoecious. The first female flower appears in 10-12 nodes, and then one female flower appears every 10-12 nodes. Sometimes there are two consecutive female flowers at the same time, and there are also multiple female flowers in one node, and male flowers are clustered. The ovary of the female flower is covered with hard thorns, and as the ovary grows, the hard thorns become harder and harder, connecting with the pericarp.

1.2 Fruit characters

The fruit development period of Radix Scutellariae takes 50-60 days. Huo ginseng fruit plant growth is strong, using 5-6 vine pruning, a single plant can sit fruit about 15. The average fruit weight is 0.265kg, the maximum is 0.415kg, the average vertical diameter is 10.81cm, the longest is 12cm, the average horizontal diameter is 6.38cm, the longest is 7cm, and the fruit shape index is 1.69. the fruit is long oval. The seeds are milky white or grayish white and oval. The seeds of some materials have soft surface hairs. On average, there are about 500 seeds in a single fruit, with a maximum of 812. The average content of soluble solids in fruits is 5.87%, with a maximum of 8.5%, showing obvious sour taste, and fruits with higher sugar content will have a lighter sweet taste. The skin of ripe fruit is glossy, hard, the flesh is translucent green or yellowish green, the meat is delicate and juicy, the taste is sweet, and the varieties with lower sugar content are more sour.

Fig. 1 performance of plant characters of Radix sophorae

2. Growth characteristics and protected cultivation techniques

Huo Ginseng fruit can be cultivated in the sunlight greenhouse in Sanya City, Hainan Province (from September to May of the following year). The ginseng fruit is native to the tropics and grows slowly in the seedling stage when it is exposed to low temperature, so it is necessary to prevent low temperature in raising seedlings from January to February. In the process of cultivation, slight downy mildew and powdery mildew occurred in the fruit setting period, and serious damage to the cucumber borer occurred in the fruit ripening period, so timely drug control measures should be taken.

2.1 Seedling

The seeds of Radix Scutellariae had good vigor and could still germinate after being stored indoors for one year. The suitable temperature was 25 ~ 35 ℃ after sowing, and the seedlings could emerge in 3 ~ 4 days. Using 7 × 10 hole tray, the rotten coconut bran ∶ fine sand was mixed well according to the proportion of 2: 3 ∶ 1 as the substrate to raise seedlings. When mixing the matrix, water should be added properly, and the matrix should be pinched into a ball by hand without dripping water to the ground. The seeds were directly seeded in the hole plate, the substrate was covered, and the sowing depth was controlled at 0.5cm. In order to prevent the spread of soil-borne diseases such as Fusarium wilt at seedling stage, seedling holes were neatly placed in the greenhouse, and the thick bamboo pole at the bottom was separated from the soil. After emergence, the seedlings were watered at the right time to prevent low temperature and chilling injury, and 2-3 true leaves were grown, which could be planted when the root system fully wrapped the substrate.

2.2 planting and field management

Ginseng fruit is suitable for planting in sandy soil and sandy loam land. The row spacing of fixed plants was 0.4m × 0.8m, and 30000 hm-2 plants were planted. Sufficient base fertilizer was applied before planting, and seedlings were watered slowly after planting. The growth was slow at the initial stage of planting, and the vine began to extend after about 15 days. The fruit of Radix Scutellariae has strong branching, weak apical dominance, thin branches and exuberant growth. In the early stage, single vine pruning was used, and the main vine was hoisted with plastic rope in time, and the main vine was wound every 2 to 3 days. In the early stage of fruit growth, strictly pruning and forking to the main vine to differentiate into female flowers and fruit, otherwise it will cause poor ventilation and light transmission quality in the greenhouse, which is not conducive to the expansion of the fruit. When the main vine grows to about 2.0m, the height of the wire used for lifting the vine is peeled off.

2.3 setting fruit

The first female flower of Panax quinquefolium appeared at about 11 nodes, and the first female flower did not set fruit, but the second or more female flower was selected to artificially pollinate and set fruit. After fruit setting management can be properly extensive non-pruning, allowing lateral vines to grow, too dense can be properly pruned. After pollinating 3-5 female flowers per plant, the malformed fruit was eliminated, and 3 fruits were selected finally. Due to the small row spacing of hanging vines in the greenhouse, the number of cultivated plants can reach 30 000 hm-2.

2.4 Pest control and other matters needing attention

Protected cultivation of Panax ginseng fruit in Sanya, Hainan can effectively reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, and the cultivation management is simple and labor-saving. At seedling stage, attention should be paid to the occurrence of chilling injury below 15 ℃. Too low temperature will inhibit the growth of Panax ginseng fruit, and seriously cause leaf damage and even death. Huo Ginseng fruit is more resistant to powdery mildew and downy mildew, and the disease spot spreads slowly at the disease site, so it is less affected, the disease is lighter, and chemical control can be taken. Powdery mildew can be sprayed with 1000, 000, 1, 500 times of ether carbendazim, and downy mildew can be sprayed with 70% mancozeb 400 500 times. The harm of cucumber borer is easy to occur in the fruit ripening period, and the larvae bite the fruit and leaves mainly. The mixture of 2.5% deltamethrin EC and 1% methylaminoavermectin benzoate EC has a better control effect, and it can be prevented by applying it for 2 times.

During the fruit setting period, some individual plants were infected with virus disease, the leaves were wrinkled and spotted yellowing, and the young fruits showed abnormal green to dark green, which could be controlled by pollution-free pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue.

2.5 harvesting

The pericarp can be harvested when the color of the pericarp changes from green to yellow, or when the fruit is shaped and shows a certain luster, it can turn yellow after drying at room temperature for 1 month, without affecting the taste. Harvesting in advance can reduce the occupancy period of the greenhouse and reduce the production cost. Virus fruit and insect spot fruit will be eliminated.

III. Economic benefits

According to relevant reports, the output of Huo ginseng fruit is more than 90,000 hm-2, the market price is 510 yuan, and the highest price is 45 yuan. The economic benefit of planting is extremely high. Each calculated according to the wholesale price of 2 yuan, the income can be 180000 ~ 450000 yuan. This cultivation model adopts high-density hanging vine cultivation, which can harvest more than 90,000 hm-2 at one time, and the subsequent harvest yield can be higher, and it can be concentrated on the market before and after the Spring Festival, and higher economic benefits can be obtained.