Chapter VII Establishment of Animal Husbandry

There's some information in there that can't be replicated. Only this chapter can be uploaded like this. Most of the others are PPT. Section 1 the site selection of livestock farm is the place where livestock live and produce, which is related to the normal production and future development of this farm. The site selection of livestock farm should be carried out according to two aspects. On the one hand, it is analyzed and studied according to the local natural conditions (topography, water source, soil, etc.). On the other hand, according to the local social and economic conditions (residential areas, transportation, power, labor force, etc.) to conduct investigations and interviews, so as to achieve the correct selection of sites, so as to avoid discomfort and inability to change after the completion of the pasture, causing great damage to production. 1. Topography, topography 1, topography (1) refers to the form and size of the site and the condition of the figure. (2) requirements: open and tidy. Do not be too narrow, do not have too many corners, otherwise it will affect the rational layout of buildings; the edge of livestock farms is elongated, which is not conducive to epidemic prevention, at the same time, the feeding route is elongated, mechanization is difficult to achieve, and the effective use area is not much. 2. Topography (1) refers to the ups and downs of the site. (2) requirements: the terrain is high and dry. Above the historical flood line, the groundwater level should be below 2m, which can ensure good drainage, keep the air environment dry and warm, benefit the temperature regulation of livestock and reduce the incidence of disease. Low-lying and moist land is not good for livestock, but it is not suitable to choose livestock farms on the top of the mountain, so that the wind speed in winter is too high, affecting the heat preservation of livestock houses. Xiangyang, so that livestock are often exposed to sunlight, promote the metabolism of Ca and P in the body, and make the bones strong. The ground of the livestock farm should be flat and slightly sloping to facilitate drainage. The ideal slope is 2-5%, with a maximum of 25%. Due to the large slope of the hillside, torrents are often formed during heavy rain, which is not safe for livestock. When building a livestock house, it is difficult to construct, invest heavily, and it is inconvenient to raise, manage and transport. The livestock farm covers an area. In general, the larger the scale of factory livestock farms, the easier it is to adopt advanced technology and equipment, the more economical use of land and buildings, the more able to compress managers. At present, there are still investment problems and technical problems in our country. The scale of livestock farms is not large enough, but the building area and occupation area index are much larger than foreign indicators, because foreign livestock farms are not one-way multi-span development, but also to multi-storey development. This can not only effectively save the land, but also help to reduce the length of pipelines and roads, and facilitate the development of mechanization and automation. Generally speaking, multi-story construction can save at least 100% more than single-story buildings. of course, multi-story buildings still have some problems, such as vertical transportation, processing structure, structure and so on. For example, a fat pig produced in North Korea covers an area of 2-6m2 and a building area of 0.7-1m2, while a fat pig produced in Italy covers an area of 2-3 m2 and a building area of 0.8-0.9m2. At present, there is no quota standard for the area of livestock farms in China, and now the materials of the Soviet Union are introduced for reference. The area of livestock head (mu) is 100 42.00 basic sows 100 42.00 sheep 100 3.0 poultry 10000 60-70 20000 30000 150-180 depending on the management direction and task of the farm. Cattle, pigs and sheep farms generally account for 10-12% of the total area of the site, and poultry farms can be calculated as 18-20%. Second, water sources (types, advantages and disadvantages, conditions) (Chapter 5) sufficient water quantity, good water quality, convenient access and easy protection. 3. Soil (types, requirements) (Chapter 5) 1. The soil is required not to be contaminated. 2. There is no endemic disease of geological and chemical environment. 3. The soil with high groundwater level and strong swamp can not be built. 4. The sandy soil construction site is the best, with good water permeability, good air permeability, small water capacity and hygroscopicity, weak capillary effect, low thermal conductivity and good thermal insulation. 4. Social contact (1) Choice of geographical location 1. As livestock farms are sources of pollution, they should choose to go downwind in the residential areas, which is lower than the residential areas, but should leave the residential sewage discharge outlet, what is more, they should not choose the downwind places of enterprises that are easy to cause environmental pollution, such as chemical plants, slaughterhouses, tanneries, etc., the distance between pastures and residential areas should be more than 200m, and the distance between residents and large livestock farms should be more than 1500m. 2. The transportation livestock farm should be built in a place with convenient transportation, but the distance from the main highway should be at least 100-300m, and if there is a fence, it can be shortened to about 50m. 3, the power supply condition is good (2) the cultural living condition (3) the environmental protection condition should consider whether the surrounding area has the condition to dispose of the livestock farm waste, and will not cause the nearby area environmental pollution. The scale of the livestock farm should be commensurate with the utilization of waste in the area where the farm is built. Section II Livestock Farm Zoning Planning and Public Health facilities I. the zoning planning of livestock farms is usually divided into three functional production areas (livestock houses: feed storage, processing, modulation buildings). Management area (operating related buildings, livestock products processing, storage buildings and staff living and welfare buildings and facilities). When carrying out the regional planning of animal husbandry, like site selection, the disease and livestock management area (veterinary room and isolation room) should first arrange the location of each district reasonably from the point of view of human, livestock and poultry health care, in order to establish the best production links and sanitary and epidemic prevention conditions. consider the topography and the main wind direction for reasonable zoning, usually the following figure 2, the principle of rational layout of livestock farm construction: conducive to ventilation, wind collection, epidemic prevention and mechanization. (1) layout type 1, tight type: the distance between various livestock houses and other buildings is relatively small, for example, there are only sports grounds and no walkways between the two buildings of the pig farm. Excellent: this kind of layout, the barn is very dense, compact, occupies a small area, less equipment investment. The small livestock farm chooses the small compact type, and the large modern livestock farm has the dispersing type. 2. Dispersal type: the distance between the livestock houses is large, and there are roads outside the playground between the two buildings, or a certain distance as a green belt. Excellent: good ventilation and epidemic prevention. Deficiency: large area and large investment. (2) the location should be divided according to the production link, the female livestock house and the young livestock house should be close, the male livestock house should be produced in a secluded place, the production groups should be raised in different areas, and the species and young should be in the upwind direction. It should be reasonably selected according to the specific conditions of the site and the sanitary requirements of the regional planning, in addition to considering the topography and wind direction, and a certain sanitary distance should be maintained. Single operation and specialized production. In order to ensure the safety of epidemic prevention, breeder livestock, young livestock and production groups should be separated and located in different areas. Breeder herds and juvenile herds should be in the safer areas of epidemic prevention, that is, upwind, if they are comprehensive management pastures, in the same production area, it is necessary to divide the plot layout and not mix and staggered configuration, the distance between breeding herds and commercial herds must be not less than 200m, and the distance between barns and bathrooms of different breeds should not be less than 50m. (3) facing and azimuth south to the barn, because the solar height angle varies with the season, the solar height angle is smaller in winter, and the sun shines deeper into the house, which is beneficial to thermal insulation, while the solar height angle is larger in summer, on the contrary, so it is warm in winter and cool in summer. Orientation is also related to ventilation. China is geographically located in the southeast monsoon area of Asia, where southeasterly winds prevail in summer and more northeasterly or northeasterly winds in winter, so the barn faces south, which is conducive to summer ventilation and prevents cold winds from attacking in winter. it is generally believed that 15-30 degrees south by east or west is allowed, hot areas in the south, avoid the sun, try to avoid westward orientation, the best orientation is 10 °south by east. (4) the arrangement takes into account the most compact configuration of buildings as far as possible, so as to ensure the shortest implementation of transportation, power supply, water supply and mechanization, so roads and livestock houses should be arranged in parallel and neatly arranged in a row, those that need the most feed should be concentrated in the center and close to the feed preparation room, and when arranged in two rows, they should be located in the first building of each row. (5) the distance between livestock houses should be considered in terms of daylighting, ventilation, sanitation and epidemic prevention. 1. Daylighting in order to ensure that all livestock houses can get sufficient solar radiation in winter, it depends on the solar height angle of the winter solstice. Tg α = h x=h/tg α x height 1.28h generally requires that the distance should be 1.5-2 times of the height of the bargain. 2. Mechanical ventilation depends on the mode of ventilation: the distance is 1-1.5 times of the height of the house; natural ventilation: the long axis of the barn is perpendicular to the main wind direction in summer, and the back row of the barn is blocked by the front row, so the ventilation effect is not good. According to the airflow curve, the airflow rises and advances over the obstacle after encountering obstacles. It takes a distance of 4-5 times the height of the obstacle to return to its original state. But in fact, it is impossible to have such a large distance. If the long axis of the barn is at a certain angle to the direction of the summer main wind, the distance can be reduced. 3. From the point of view of health and epidemic prevention, there are no specific regulations on the distance between toilets in livestock houses in our country. According to Soviet materials, the same kind of livestock is 30m, different kinds of livestock is 50m, the fire prevention distance is generally 12-30m, the dung yard and residential buildings keep 200m, 100m with livestock houses, sanitary distance, fence, can be reduced to 50m. Thus it can be seen that the sanitary distance between the barns should not be considered simply from the perspective of saving land, but must be determined by comprehensive fire prevention, epidemic prevention, ventilation and daylighting, in order to ensure daylighting in winter, it is required that the distance between the barn and its adjacent buildings or trees should not be less than 2 times the height of the buildings and trees. therefore, it is reasonable that the distance between the barn bathroom is not less than 20m. (6) Road organization requirements: the road is short and straight, so as to ensure the shortest transportation, power supply and water supply lines, reduce investment, the width of the main road is 5.5-6.5m, the width of the branch road is 2-3.5m, the main road is connected with off-site transport lines, and the branch road is connected with livestock houses, feed depots, product depots, veterinary buildings, dung yards, etc. The road surface is required to be solid, the drainage is good (with a certain Radian), the road equipment does not hinder the drainage in the field, and there are drains on both sides of the road. The transportation of livestock and poultry farms is very busy. Take a hundred thousand laying hens as an example, 12-13T feed is needed every day, more chicken manure and egg 3000-4500kg are transported, pig farms and dairy farms are transported more, examination and epidemic prevention, there should be a division of labor on the roads, the roads for the transport of feed and livestock products (clean roads) and the transport of manure (pollution roads) should be separated and should not be cross-used. (7) the outside playground of the livestock playground should be set up in the leeward to the sun, generally making use of the distance between the barns (pigs and chickens), or in the more open area of the playground (cattle). The playground should be flat with a slight slope to facilitate drainage and keep dry. Fences should be set around. Its height is: horse 1.6m, sheep 1.1m, chicken 1.8m, cattle 1.2m, pig 1.1m. Trees should be planted on one side of the playground, and drainage ditches should be set on the outside of the playground fence. Reference area of outdoor sports ground for each livestock: m2 into dairy cattle 20 young cattle 15 with sows 12-15 kinds of boars 302-6-month-old piglets 4-7 fattening pigs 5 sheep 4-3, public health facilities (1), farm boundaries and regional boundaries of livestock farms should be clearly delineated, high walls or strong epidemic prevention ditches should be built around to prevent off-site personnel and other animals from entering the field and spreading diseases. Water should be released in the ditch. Fences or small epidemic prevention ditches shall be set up in all areas of the field and shelterbelts shall be planted. Corresponding disinfection facilities should be set up at the entrance to the livestock farm and each area, such as vehicle disinfection pool, human foot disinfection trough and so on. (2) Water supply and drainage of livestock farms 1. Human domestic water consumption: 20-40 litres per person per day. 2. Water demand for livestock: in order to ensure water consumption regularly and fully, the maximum consumption per unit time must be used in the calculation of pasture water consumption and design and construction. Water supply mode 1. Decentralized water supply refers to the direct collection of water from various water sources (wells, rivers, lakes, ponds, etc.). 2. Centralized water supply: tap water. (3) the drainage system of livestock farm drainage facilities is mostly set on both sides of various roads and around the livestock playground, generally using sloping ditches, such as square open ditches, the deepest part is 30cm, the bottom of the ditches should have a slope of 1-2%, the width of the upper mouth is 30-60cm, and the drainage system of dark ditches, if more than 200m, sedimentation wells should be added, which are at least 200m away from the water source. (4) when the feces and urine of the pasture storage facilities are separated, the feces shall be stored in solid state, and the dung storage yard should be placed in the downwind direction of the production area, keeping 200m with the residence and 100m sanitary distance with the livestock house (with walls that can be reduced to 50m). The septic storage tank is generally 1m deep, 9-10m wide and 30-50m long. The area of each livestock storage tank is 1.5m high according to the heap for 6 months, cattle 2.5m2, horse 2m2, sheep or pig 0.4m2. Fecal water time-sharing: dung pool: volume, 0.07-0.08m3 per cow per day, pig (70kg), 0.004-0.005m3 per day, and 60-90m away from the barn, 150m away from the settlement, and placed downwind. Sedimentation tank: 50-85% of the solids can be precipitated by static dung water in the tank. The sedimentation tank should be large and shallow, but its water depth is not less than 0.6m, and the maximum depth is not more than 1.2m. Oxidation tank: it is a kind of fecal water treatment method that promotes aerobic bacteria to reproduce and decompose organic solids by filling air to provide oxygen to achieve harmless fecal treatment. The solids should not be precipitated as far as possible, so the flow rate of fecal water in the pool must be kept at 0.45-0.60m/s. (5) the greening of animal husbandry 1. The establishment of the field boundary forest belt should plant a mixed forest belt of trees and shrubs around the field boundary, especially on the north and west sides of the field boundary, the mixed forest belt (more than 10m wide) should be widened to prevent wind and prevent sand. 2. The isolated forest belt in the field area is used to separate the areas in the field and to prevent fire. 3. There are generally 1-2 rows of greening on both sides of the road inside and outside the yard. In the lighting area close to the building, the branches and leaves should not be too dense and the tree species too tall, so as not to affect the natural lighting of the barn. 4. Shade forest of the sports ground, 1-2 rows of shade forests shall be set up on the south and west side of the sports ground. Section 3 Livestock Farm process Design Livestock Farm Nature and scale; production process Design Livestock composition, production process flow, feeding and Management; Livestock Farm process Design; consumption quota, labor quota, selection and configuration of production equipment; process parameters such as production index and material consumption standard; basic size of livestock house; engineering process design engineering epidemic prevention measures Environmental control measures; site layout scheme. First, the basic principles of livestock farm production process design 1, must be modern and scientific animal husbandry production enterprises; 2, through environmental control measures to eliminate climate differences in different seasons, to achieve balanced production throughout the year; to adopt engineering and technical means to ensure environmental self-purification and ensure safe production; 3, to establish professional farms and professional workshops to achieve specialized production 4. The design of the livestock house is in line with the technological process of livestock and poultry production and the scale of raising, and the number of livestock and poultry, the number of columns and equipment in each stage should be equipped in proportion to make full use of the livestock house as far as possible. 5, it is possible to adopt the mode of all-in-all-out operation, in order to cut off the transmission route of pathogenic microorganisms; 6, the division of labor is clear. 2. Contents and methods of production process design of livestock farms 1. Nature and tasks of livestock farms (1) according to the breeding system, the nature of livestock farms can be divided into original seed farms, ancestral farms, parental farms and commodity farms. (2) the task of pasture A: the task of the original seed farm is to produce matching strains and provide ancestral breeder, breeding eggs, semen, embryos and so on. The task of B ancestral field is to improve varieties, using ancestral products obtained from the original seed farm, using scientific methods to breed fine varieties needed in subordinate places. Usually, the cultivation of a new breed requires a lot of money and a long time, as well as a certain number of animal husbandry technicians. The ancestral farms of modern livestock breeds are generally raised with four strains. C: the task of the parents' surrogate farm is to use the livestock breeds obtained from the ancestral farm and the provenance needed to produce the commodity site. D: the commodity generation field is specialized in the production of commodity generation livestock by using the provenance obtained from the parents' generation farm. Usually, the grandparents' market, the parents' market and the commodity market are mainly in one business, and also engaged in other nature of production activities. For example, while ancestral chicken farms produce parent breeder eggs and breeder chickens, they also produce some commercial laying hens to supply the market. In order to solve the provenance needed by the commercial pig farm, the distinction between the nature of the livestock farm and the task of the dairy farm is not obvious, because commercial milk is bound to be produced in the breeding. Therefore, it shows the dual task of supplying fresh milk and improved cattle at the same time, but the emphasis of each farm is different, some focus on milk supply, some focus on breeding improved breeds. 2. The scale of livestock farm there is no standard method to describe the scale of livestock farm. Some are counted according to the head of the deposit column (only), while others are counted according to the number of commercial livestock and poultry per year. For example, the annual output of commercial pig farms, broilers and beef cattle farms can also be calculated according to the number of basic sows, chicken farms can be calculated according to the number of sets of chickens, dairy farms can be calculated according to the number of dairy cows, and so on. Types and sizes of pig farms, types of pig farms, number of sows raised in a few years, small farms less than 5000, medium-sized farms 5000,000,300-600 large farms greater than 10000, types of chicken farms several types (ten thousand), large farms, medium farms, ancestral chicken farms, ≥