Technical points of controlled Needle cultivation of Peanut

Peanut cultivation with needle under control (AnM) is a new peanut cultivation technique invented by Shen Yujun, a famous peanut expert and professor of Laiyang Agricultural College. The technology promotes the production of endogenous hormone ethylene by controlling the exposure time of hypocotyl and the atmospheric humidity of plant base, thereby controlling the elongation of hypocotyl and the time of fruit needle entering soil, reducing overripe fruit and empty fruit, and achieving the purposes of full fruit, high quality and high yield. After demonstration and popularization in Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning, Sichuan and other provinces, the peanut planted by the controlled lower needle cultivation method has the advantages of uniform emergence, strong growth, rapid development of the first opposite side technique, concentrated lower needle, uniform fruit, uniform maturity, general yield increase of about 20%, and the high one can reach more than 35%. Moreover, it saves labor and labor, and is suitable for mechanized operation. It is a major breakthrough in peanut cultivation technology. The technical points of peanut controlled needle cultivation method include three links A, n and M: A link is mainly through cultivating soil, leading cotyledon nodes to expose the ground (or plastic film), in order to control early flowers under the needle. Peanuts cultivated in the open field are planted with a pointed top (its cross section is very similar to a capital letter "A"); when sown on the ground, the rows are planted with a pointed top. The distance between the ridge top and the seed is about 8 cm. When the hypocotyls are about 3~4 cm long (usually about 10 days after sowing), the floating soil on the ridge top is removed and only a thin layer of 1 cm thick is retained above the cotyledons. When removing soil, it can be carried out with the back of iron or standing palm, and other instruments can also be used after proficiency. The specific time of soil removal is preferably 3~4 pm. At this time, because the buds have not been exposed in the soil, the hypocotyls continue to extend, and generally the cotyledon nodes can rise to the ground the next morning (the removal of soil before emergence actually replaces the clearing of seedlings after emergence in conventional cultivation). In the fine sand field sown in the flat, when there are fine cracks in the top soil of peanut seedlings, the sowing row can be pushed with hoe to close the cracks and prevent the buds from being exposed prematurely. It can also play a role in promoting the cotyledon node position; some buds that have been exposed for a short time can still recover the elongation in a certain range and continue to raise the cotyledon node position after closing the cracks. For peanut cultivated by plastic film mulching, ridging and film mulching in conventional cultivation are changed into flat film mulching to form ridges. After sowing, conical soil piles with a height of 5 cm are covered on the seeding holes on the surface of plastic film to delay the exposure time of buds and promote the continued elongation of embryonic stems. After cotyledon nodes rise out of the film surface by themselves, the small soil piles are withdrawn into the furrow; if rain occurs before cotyledon nodes rise out of the film, measures should be taken in time to eliminate cracks on the soil piles and prevent premature exposure of buds. After peanut emergence, as long as there is basically no grass in the field, the topsoil is not hardened, and generally no intertillage is carried out; when intertillage is needed, the method of retrogression and deep ploughing can be adopted, and the hoe is only pulled forward without pushing, and the ridge cannot be broken, so as to facilitate deep penetration of lateral roots. For plots with incomplete seedling emergence, seedlings can be transplanted nearby. When transplanting, open deep holes, and make the cotyledon nodes of transplanted seedlings higher than the ground, then fill fine soil to half the length of hypocotyl, irrigate twice, fill holes after water infiltration, generally after 5 days or so can slow seedlings, better than replanting effect. N link is mainly to control the needle. At the early flowering stage of peanuts, the soil on both sides of the ridge is hoed to the row by intertillage, so that the ridge forms an "n"-shaped narrow ridge; even if the soil between the rows is higher than the ridge row, the peanut row should also become a narrow ridge. In this way, it is beneficial to ventilation and moisture dissipation, reduce the atmospheric humidity of the base space of the plant, and increase the distance between the fruit needle and the ground, thus slowing down the elongation speed of the fruit needle and achieving the purpose of controlling the early fruiting of the needle under the flower. The narrow ridge formed by n links is generally about 5 cm high and about 6~7 cm wide at the top. When planting peanuts in flat, the rows can be hoe into "W" shape so that the plants are located in the middle peak of "W" shape, and the rows become high and narrow ridges. Under the condition of high temperature, high wind speed and low atmospheric temperature, when cotyledon node rose out of the membrane surface, the descent of early flower needle had been controlled, so n link was no longer carried out in production. M link is mainly through the ridge, release the control of the next needle. Northern spring peanuts generally in the end of June or the beginning of the 7th (that is, about 80 days before harvest) to implement M link. The implementation method is as follows: a large hoe with a grass ring and a smaller hoe plate is used to break the surface soil hardening layer first, then deep hoe is pulled in the middle of the ridge row, and the ridge is supported with soil, so that the peanut row naturally forms a concave (M) ridge which is fat and steep and has a top width of not less than 20 cm; for the plot with low soil fertility, urea 2.5 kg and high-quality calcium superphosphate 10 kg can be applied to the lower part of the plant with n-shaped narrow ridge before ridge support, so as to promote the growth and development of the plant. When sealing the peanut ridge, hoe the ridge again to increase and thicken the ridge body, so as to facilitate drought resistance and drainage and promote pod development. According to another study, after the peanut needle is buried, if the soil moisture of the fruit layer is lower than 60% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field, the ovary at the tip of the peanut needle cannot develop into a pod. Therefore, in order to create a good moisture condition in production, the time to release control is often postponed appropriately. In Shandong Province, it is generally carried out around July 5, after rainfall or irrigation. The method of implementing M link of film-covered peanut is to sprinkle a layer of 1 cm thick fine soil on the membrane surface of about 20 cm in diameter at the base of plant in the peak period of needle (northern spring peanut is generally in the middle of July), so as to assist needles to enter the membrane and increase the number of fruits.