Mechanization Technology of Peanut production

I. Brief Introduction of Technology 1. Technical introduction Mechanization technology of peanut production is the technology of completing agronomic process of peanut production by machinery, mainly including tillage, sowing, film spreading, fertilization, field management, harvesting, picking fruit, shelling and other mechanized technologies. 2. Production demand and application status Peanut cultivation in China has a long history. Peanut production has developed rapidly since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Especially in recent years, with the continuous development of agricultural technology, peanut yield, total output and export rank first in the world's major peanut producing countries at the same time. In 2000, China's total peanut planting area reached more than 4 million hectares, with a yield of nearly 3000 kg/hectare and a total peanut output of 12 million tons, accounting for about 30% of the world's total output. Although the peanut planting area accounts for only 1/3 of the total area of oil crops in China, its output accounts for more than half of the total output of oil crops in China. Therefore, peanut production plays an important role in China's cash crops and oil markets. The mechanization level of peanut production in China is at a lower level than that of other major grain crops or developed countries in the world. At present, in the process of peanut production in China, the mechanization of tillage, irrigation, shelling and plant protection has been basically improved, the sowing and film spreading machinery has been continuously mature, and the mechanical varieties of harvesting, picking and other production links are few, and the performance and quality cannot fully meet the requirements. The work also depends mainly on human and animal power. Peanut production labor, labor intensity, farmers have become heavy labor. Due to the adjustment of agricultural structure and the role of market regulation, it is estimated that China's peanut planting area will reach 4.7 million hectares by 2005 and 5.4 million hectares by 2015. Therefore, peanut production mechanization technology has broad application prospects. Peanut production links, labor intensity, low manual efficiency; mechanized operation efficiency, low production cost, has great advantages. II. Key points of technical implementation (1) Mechanical deep ploughing and deep loosening. Deep ploughing and subsoiling machine shall be selected for mechanical deep ploughing. When the ploughing depth exceeds 25cm, the ploughing ability shall be realized to turn up and loosen down, and the soil crushing performance shall be good. Subsoiling is best to use all-round subsoiling machine, especially subsoiling before sowing, which can prevent water evaporation and loss, and can also improve soil properties. Pay attention to the following matters when farming: ① Cultivation time Deep ploughing is best carried out in late autumn and early winter to promote soil maturation, accumulate rain and snow, preserve moisture and store water, no later than the next year before Qingming. Subsoiling can be done before sowing. ② The ploughing depth shall not be shallow to 20cm, and it is not suitable for deep ploughing in general sandy waterlogged depression; the plain and semi-hillside soil with thick soil layer and good soil quality shall be deeply ploughed, and 30-50cm shall be deeply ploughed; the dry and thin land in mountains shall not be deeply ploughed, and 25cm shall be suitable. Deep ploughing plots should be turned up and down to prevent acid beds from turning up to the surface. The depth of soil ploughing is 15-20cm, and the surface vegetation should cover below 10cm ploughing layer, and the coverage rate should be above 95%. The ploughing depth is required to be uniform, and the surface after ploughing is flat, without heavy ploughing and leaky ploughing. 2. Mechanical seeding The double seed rate should be more than 75%, the qualified rate of hole seeds should be more than 95%, and the hole rate should not be more than 1%. Attention should be paid to: (1) The suitable sowing time of peanuts should be determined according to the characteristics of varieties, natural conditions and cultivation systems. The middle and late maturing varieties can be sown at 15℃-18℃ at 5 cm soil temperature, and the early maturing varieties can be sown at 12℃-15℃. Plastic film mulching cultivation can be sown about 10 days in advance, and the sowing time should be determined according to the changing law of ground temperature and the temperature suitable for peanut germination. (2) The sowing density is generally 8000-9000 holes per mu (2 seeds per hole, the same below). The density of medium ripe peanut is 10000 holes. But should grasp the soil fertility good ground density correspondingly small, the soil fertility poor density is bigger. (3) The seed pulling depth is generally about 5cm. Land with low ground temperature or high soil moisture can be sown shallowly, but the shallowest shall not be less than 3cm; on the contrary, it can be deepened appropriately, but not more than 6cm. Master "dry not deep, wet not shallow." (4) Suppress soil with poor moisture content or large sand content, and suppress it in time after sowing. 3. Mechanical coating Pay attention to the following points when working: (l) Selection of plots Plastic film mulching peanut planting should choose thick soil layer, medium fertility loam land. (2) Compared with open-air cultivation, plastic film mulching peanut has higher requirements in soil preparation. Deep ploughing before winter, raking in early spring, ridging before clearing; applying sufficient base fertilizer before sowing; watering in furrows when moisture is insufficient, covering soil after water infiltration, spraying herbicide in wells and spreading film. 4. Mechanical harvesting and mechanical recovery Peanut harvest period should be determined according to peanut growth and climatic conditions. When the plant is old, the top stops producing, the upper leaves turn yellow, the base and middle leaves fall off, and most of the fruits are ripe, which indicates that the peanut has reached harvest stage. From the temperature point of view, when the temperature is below 12℃, the fruit stops growing and should be harvested in time. Harvest dates should be determined according to local conditions. Peanuts should be harvested to minimize shedding to loss. The fruit dropping rate of mechanical excavation should be below 3%. Mechanical reharvest should be carried out after harvest, but at present the benefit of mechanical reharvest is too poor, basically not applied. 5. Mechanical fruit picking At present, the peanut picker can pick both wet fruit and dry fruit, but picking wet fruit is easy to cause the breakage of fresh pods. If the situation permits, the fruit should be picked after drying, but it should not be too dry to prevent the pod from breaking. Fruit picking requires a picking rate of more than 98%, a crushing rate of less than 3%, and a cleanliness of more than 98%. 6. Mechanical shelling Peanuts should not be too wet, so as not to reduce efficiency; Taiping is easy to break, when the peanut moisture content is less than 6%, should sprinkle stuffy. Mechanical shelling requires a cleaning rate of more than 98%, a crushing rate of less than 5%, a cleanliness of more than 98%, and a blowing loss rate of less than 0.2%. III. General requirements for machine operation 1. Peanut seeding film pinning machine (1) Check and adjust the lubrication, fastening and rotation of each part before operation. (2) Add seeds According to the requirements of seed metering device, add appropriate seeds. Seeds with too large and too small size should be detected. (3) Add and replace the liquid medicine according to the requirements, pour the liquid medicine into the liquid medicine cylinder, open the air inlet switch to inflate the inside of the cylinder, make the air pressure reach the specified value, and try to spray. Pay attention to adjusting the safety valve to the safety pressure to ensure safety. When replacing the liquid medicine, loosen the cylinder cover to deflate first, and then open the cover to add medicine after deflating. (4) Add fertilizer Add the granular fertilizer without hardening after removing impurities into the seed box. (5) Install the film roll on the film rod, install it on the film roll frame, adjust it tightly and lock it. (6) Start the operation, align the unit with the operation position, pull the film from the film roller, press the film head with soil, open the chemical switch, and start the operation. (7) Adjustment of sowing depth, row spacing, plant spacing, pesticide application amount and fertilizer application amount By adjusting the height and horizontal position of the trenching shovel relative to the frame, the appropriate sowing row spacing can be obtained; the key wheel can be replaced to change the transmission ratio (some models replace different seed wheels); the valve opening can be changed to achieve the required pesticide application amount; the working length of the fertilizer wheel can be adjusted to achieve the required fertilizer application amount. (8) Ridge shape adjustment: change the depth of soil, adjust the appropriate ridge height, increase the depth of soil, increase the ridge height, and decrease the ridge height. (9) Adjustment of the film spreading part Changing the height and angle of the rubber wheel can adjust the transverse tension of the film. Lower the film spreading wheel and increase the inward inclination angle of the film spreading wheel to enhance the degree of tension, otherwise relax; change the locking degree of the film roll to adjust the longitudinal tension degree, lock the bolt to enhance the longitudinal tension, otherwise weaken. (10) Adjustment of the amount of soil covered The amount of soil covered can be adjusted by changing the depth and angle of the covering disk. Increasing the depth and angle of the cover disk to the forward direction increases the amount of cover and vice versa. (11) Precautions Start, rise and fall should be slow, forward speed should be uniform, no turning, no backward, check the working state of each part at any time, find abnormal timely treatment. 2, peanut harvester (1) Installation and tractor three-point suspension, pay attention to make the direction section square shaft clamp fork and square shaft sleeve clamp fork in the same plane. (2) Adjustment of the penetration angle Change the length of the tractor longitudinal pull rod to adjust the penetration angle. Extension pull rod into the ground angle becomes smaller, vice versa increases. (3) The adjustment of the depth of penetration and the lifting angle of the conveyor chain, the height of the ground wheel relative to the frame can be adjusted by changing the position of the edge joint hole between the ground wheel bracket and the longitudinal beam, and the depth of penetration and the lifting angle of the conveyor chain can be changed. As the depth of ground wheel increases, the lifting angle becomes smaller, whereas the depth of ground wheel becomes shallower and the lifting angle becomes larger. (4) conveyor chain tension adjustment adjust chain adjustment bolt, change sprocket distance, tension or loose conveyor chain. Loosen the bolts of the protective block and adjust at the same time. When the chain is too long, the left and right chains can be removed by the same number of links. (5) Precautions When the soil moisture content is greater than 18% and the soil is too soft, it is not suitable for mechanical operation. The lifting of the machine tool should not be too high to prevent the direction joint from falling off, and the landing should not be too violent to avoid damaging the shovel head. Clean peanut vines and weeds that are entangled in conveyor chains and other parts frequently. 3. Peanut picker (1) The installation supporting power is a small four-wheel tractor or a 7.5KW motor. (2) Roller gap adjustment wet peanut vine requires a large gap, dry peanut vine requires a small gap, can be adjusted according to the instructions. (3) The adjustment of the fruit sliding plate and the fruit blocking plate changes the upper and lower positions of the fruit sliding plate, reduces the blowing out of the peanuts, and adjusts the position of the fruit blocking plate so that the peanuts do not jump out. (4) Precautions The exhaust port should be downwind, and it is forbidden to extend your hand to the feeding population. The feeding should be uniform and consistent. The stones, iron wires and ropes should be fed into the machine. 4. Peanut hulling machine (1) Connect the motor to the 220V power supply, close the switch, and make the unit run empty. After the operation is stable, input the peanuts evenly and start shelling. (2) Replace the cage according to the size of the peanut. (3) Adjust the air volume If there are too many nuts in the peanut shell, adjust the fan baffle to reduce the air volume. If there are too many impurities in the nuts, adjust the air volume. (4) Adjust the gap of the shelling roller. If the crushing rate is too high, adjust the gap. If the shelling is not clean, adjust the gap. (5) Precautions The exhaust port should be downwind, and it is forbidden to extend your hand to the feeding population. The feeding should be uniform and consistent, and the stones should be cut. Wire, rope, etc. are fed into the man-machine. IV. Supporting machines and types for production application Peanut production machinery includes tillage, sowing, film spreading, fertilization, field management, harvesting, picking fruit, shelling and other machinery. Tillage and field management machinery (plant protection, irrigation) for general machinery and equipment, here focus on peanut production machinery. 1, the seeder includes two categories of human and animal power seeder and machine seeder. Man-animal power seeder is relatively simple, generally a single-row seeder, its main working parts seed metering device is mostly a combination of grooved wheel type and inner filling vertical disk type, there are also scratch plate type hole type and horizontal disk type hole type and other forms, common trencher for hoe shovel type, boot type and other forms; machine-led seeder seed metering device in addition to the above forms, there are air-blowing type and air-suction type, generally two or four rows of seeder. 2, the film spreading machine includes two categories of human and animal power film spreading machine and machine paving machine. The human and animal power film spreading machine is relatively simple and is gradually being replaced by a machine-led film spreading machine. 3, sowing film joint operation machine can complete ridging, whole ridge, spraying herbicides, film. Drilling, seeding, etc. Because of its obvious advantages in joint operation, the seeder and film-spreading machine are gradually replacing the seeder and film-spreading machine. 4, peanut harvester peanut harvester including sub-harvest and combine harvest, for sub-harvest machinery are peanut digging plow, peanut excavator and peanut harvester; peanut combine harvester can complete the excavation, shaking and fruit picking operations at one time. Peanut combine harvester in China is still in the development stage. 5. Peanut picking machine includes simple hand-operated fruit picking machine, fruit picking machine matched with engine, fruit picking machine matched with tractor and fruit picking machine matched with motor. 6, peanut shelling machine includes two main types of motor and engine matching, small machinery applications more.