Buckwheat production technology

Buckwheat, also known as black wheat, flower wheat or Triticum triticum, belongs to Polygonaceae. Buckwheat grain has high nutritional value, which contains 62% starch, 12.29% protein, 2.4% fat, rich mineral elements such as iron, phosphorus, calcium and vitamins B1, B2, B6 and P. Modern medicine has proved that Tartary buckwheat is rich in rutin, which is a good medicine for hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, meningitis and other diseases. therefore, buckwheat is not only a kind of food crop with high nutritional value. at the same time, it is also an important raw material for food industry and pharmaceutical industry. Buckwheat is covered with treasures, buckwheat stems and leaves and processed by-products are good feed, buckwheat shells are used as pillows to nourish the mind and clear eyes, and buckwheat stalks are used to make beds to ward off mosquitoes and insects. In addition, buckwheat can not compete with main crops because of its wide adaptability, simple cultivation techniques, low production cost and flexible stubble collocation, so it can not only increase the multiple cropping index, but also be used as a disaster relief crop in disaster years. At the same time, buckwheat is the main nectar crop because the florescence of buckwheat is staggered with most crops in nature. Cultivation techniques of buckwheat 1. Variety selection: there are no new varieties of buckwheat at present, and the best varieties are generally selected by plant selection method among farm varieties. Buckwheat can be divided into Tartary buckwheat and buckwheat. Tartary buckwheat varieties include Phoenix Tartary buckwheat in our province, Tangwan Tartary buckwheat in Zhongfang County, Jiangxi Jiujiang Tartary buckwheat and Guizhou Tartary buckwheat; sweet buckwheat has 96-1 in Dingxi area of Gansu Province, "Big Honghua" in Zhenba County, Shaanxi Province, "Big Grain Buckwheat" in Japan, and so on. These varieties have good planting performance in our province, with a general yield of 70,75kg per mu. 2. Rotation: buckwheat is planted after early or middle rice harvest, and rape or wheat triple cropping system is planted after buckwheat harvest. Second, after the dryland corn harvest, plant a season of buckwheat, then plant a season of vegetable crops, and then plant corn next year. There are also those who use dry land to grow buckwheat as green fodder in spring. 3. Soil preparation: fine soil preparation, loose and uniform, eliminate weeds, maintain suitable soil moisture, create a favorable environment suitable for buckwheat growth and development, and strive for whole seedlings and strong seedlings. Buckwheat fields are generally 3-5 meters wide, and large fields should also open good waist grooves to facilitate drainage and irrigation. 4. Sowing: improving the sowing quality is an important link to ensure the whole buckwheat seedling. Buckwheat seeds have a short life span and lose their vitality the next year. The seed size is very inconsistent, the seed shell is also relatively thick, and the maturity is different. All these will affect the germination rate of seeds and the uniformity of seedling emergence. Therefore, wind selection and screening should be carried out before sowing, and large, full and fresh seeds should be selected as seeds, which can improve the germination rate and germination energy. Where the endothelium is green seeds, the germination rate and vitality are high; if it has turned yellow, the germination rate and vitality are reduced. If soaking the seeds in 30-40 ℃ warm soup for 10 minutes or drying the seeds before sowing, the germination rate of the seeds can also be increased. Early emergence of seedlings has a good effect on increasing production. If the spring buckwheat is sown too early, the seedlings often suffer from late frost; if the autumn buckwheat is sown too late, it is easy to encounter early frost in the later growth stage, so the yield is relatively low. Therefore, the sowing date of buckwheat should be mastered "sowing after spring buckwheat frost and harvesting before autumn buckwheat frost". Autumn buckwheat in our county is usually sown in mid-late August. Only the suitable density can ensure the ideal yield. In general, the density of fertile land should be controlled, with 40,000 ~ 60,000 plants per mu, and the density of medium fertile land should be increased properly. 6 ~ 100000 plants per mu and 11 ~ 160000 plants per mu should be increased in lean land. Sowing should not be too deep, and it is appropriate to cover the soil with about 3 cm. The clay should be shallow and the sand a little deeper. There are three sowing methods of buckwheat: strip sowing, on-demand sowing and sowing. Because the strip sowing seeds are evenly distributed, the soil cover is consistent, the seedlings emerge neatly, and it is convenient for field management. The row spacing of strip sowing is about 40 cm, and the sowing amount is generally 2-3 kg per mu, with more large seeds and less small seeds. 5. Fertilization: the growth period of buckwheat is relatively short, so we should mainly re-apply base fertilizer. To apply adequate base fertilizer, early application of topdressing fertilizer, suitable application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Base fertilizer had better turn farm manure and plant ash into the soil when cultivated land, and then increase the application of fertilizers with more phosphorus and potassium content, such as grass ash and chicken manure, generally 1000-1500 kg per mu. After emergence, combined with the first and second intertillage, rarefied human feces and urine or superphosphate were applied. If the base fertilizer is insufficient, a small amount of available nitrogen fertilizer can be applied to promote the development of seedlings. Nitrogen fertilizer should not be applied too much or too late to avoid delayed flowering and fruiting and late lodging. The application of phosphate fertilizer or trace element fertilizer such as boron, molybdenum and manganese to buckwheat after flowering could obviously increase the yield of buckwheat. 6. Management: if the ground hardens due to rainfall after sowing, it is best to plough it once, cut the land and make it easy for the seedlings to be unearthed, and then carry out one or two times of intertillage according to the occurrence of weeds in the field. Intertillage weeding must be completed before flowering, when the seedling height is about 30 centimeters, and it is not appropriate to plough again in the future, so as not to damage the plant. Generally, the first intertillage was carried out when the seedling height was 7 to 10 centimeters, and the seedlings were thinned properly to make the plants uncrowded, and the second intertillage was carried out every 6 to 7 days, combined with soil cultivation to promote the development of adventitious root groups of buckwheat. Buckwheat is a crop that needs more water, and it must be watered when the weather is dry during the flowering and fruiting period. Generally, shallow watering before and after booting stage is beneficial to the development of root population and increase the proportion of flowering, while watering the second time at the peak flowering stage can increase the seed setting rate of buckwheat. In rainy days or low-lying areas, attention should be paid not only to border watering, but also to deep ditch drainage and waterlogging prevention. So as not to cause waterlogging and rotting roots. Buckwheat should pay attention to frost prevention during flowering and filling. Therefore, some places use the method of pre-frost irrigation, but also the use of smoking method for anti-frost, all have a certain effect. Buckwheat is a cross-pollinated crop, and the transmission of pollen mainly depends on insects, especially bees. In the case of bad climate and no honey peak, artificial pollination can improve the seed setting rate of buckwheat, and it can be carried out at about 1: 00 p. M. in the flowering season. The method is to use a soft cloth with a rope at both ends, pulled by two people, let the cloth strip brush along the top of the plant, gently shake the plant, can play the role of auxiliary pollination. Artificial pollination is carried out every 2-3 days, and can be carried out 2-3 times, increasing production by 10% to 20%. The method of stocking bees can also be used to assist buckwheat pollination, which is better than artificial pollination. In the flowering season of buckwheat, a box of bees should be placed every 2000 square meters, which can greatly improve the pollination rate of buckwheat. 7. Pest control: the diseases and insect pests that harm buckwheat include ring streak, brown spot and white mildew. Because buckwheat mainly depends on insects to pollinate and spray too much, it will kill a large number of beneficial insects. Therefore, agricultural comprehensive control measures are mainly used to control buckwheat diseases and insect pests, and low-toxic pesticides are used if necessary. Harvest: the flowering period of buckwheat is relatively long, which usually takes about 30 days. Its flower stalk is small, the seed maturity is very inconsistent, often one part has matured, the other part is still blooming, the mature seeds are easy to fall off, so timely harvest is very important. In general, the seeds of the whole plant can be harvested when they have 2 strokes and 3 dark brown. Early harvest, because mixed with a large number of immature seeds will reduce the quality; harvest delay, a large number of seeds fall off, reducing the yield. When harvesting, we should pay attention to cutting and handling gently to reduce shedding. It is better for buckwheat seeds to be thick black and small particles. Autumn buckwheat reserved for seed must be harvested before frosting. Leave the seeds to be fully dried and stored in a ventilated place.