Practical cultivation techniques of forage grass

First, the technical introduction. Forage cultivation is the same as other crop cultivation, good water and fertilizer conditions and scientific field and ditch management are the guarantee of its high yield. The following will be introduced from five aspects: land, seed, water, fertilizer, field and management. 2. Technical operation rules 1. Site selection: the quality of land selection is directly related to forage yield and utilization time. Farmland and dry land with good drainage and irrigation are generally selected, with loam and sandy loam as the best, and the PH value is between 6.5 and 7.5. (2) Land preparation: whether it is farmland or dry land, ploughing is recommended and the depth should be 20ml / 25cm. If there is stagnant water in the field, it should be drained and cultivated after drying. After the cultivated land should be raked flat and broken, which is one of the key measures to obtain high yield. In order to facilitate field management and mowing, raking the ground to make a border, generally 2 meters wide, unlimited length. A good ditch should be opened between each border and a good drainage ditch should be opened around the field, which is conducive to drainage and drought resistance. 2. Species (1) seed selection: the selection of suitable fine forage varieties is the basic condition for high yield. At present, the quality of forage seeds on the market is good and uneven, so the seeds produced and sold by regular production units and sales departments should be selected when buying grass seeds. At present, the provincial animal husbandry technology promotion station produces and promotes "Ganxuan No.1" ryegrass, Ixeris angustifolia, pine vanilla, Mexican corn and dwarf elephant grass for decades. Each peasant household should choose according to different feeding objects. (2) sowing: the seeds in regular sales channels are generally determined by the germination rate, and the sowing amount can be determined according to the germination rate provided. Some forage seeds should be treated before sowing, and the hard seed coat should be scraped with sand, such as Ziyunying, Mexican corn and so on. Or soaking seeds in warm water for 20 minutes can increase the germination rate and reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. The seeds were mixed with calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and fire soil ash when sowing. The sowing time of forage grass can be divided into spring sowing or autumn sowing. Temperature is the main factor to determine the sowing date, and the average daily temperature of 10 / 20 is the suitable temperature for sowing. In addition, the sowing date of seeds should be determined according to the biological characteristics of forage grass. The sowing time of spring sowing varieties is generally from mid-late March to early and mid-April, and the sowing time of autumn sowing varieties is from mid-late October to early and mid-November. The sowing methods of forage grass can usually be divided into sowing and strip sowing. In general, sowing is used in grazing land because of its large area, and strip sowing is used in cutting field in order to facilitate cutting and field management. Sowing depth is too deep and too shallow is not suitable, generally speaking, forage grass because of small seeds should be selected sowing. The depth of legume is 2-3cm, and the sowing depth of Gramineae is 3-4cm. At the same time, the sowing depth should be determined according to seed size and soil content. After sowing, the soil cover is shallow and the thickness is 0.5-1cm. In addition, some forage varieties can be planted or sown on demand, such as Pinus elliottii, Ixeris frutescens, Mexican corn and so on. 3. Fat. As the saying goes, "if a crop has a flower, it all depends on fat." Sufficient fertilizer can promote the good growth of forage grass and increase the yield of grass. Fertilizer is divided into organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer is mainly farm fertilizer, the amount is not strictly limited; chemical fertilizer is mainly nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium three elements, as well as compound fertilizer. (1) Base fertilizer: mainly farm manure, usually 2000-3000kg per mu, determined according to soil fertility and previous crop yield, and used in cultivated land before sowing. The main function is to increase soil fertility and organic matter content and improve soil quality. (2) seed fertilizer: applying seed ditch or seed dressing during sowing, the effect of seed dressing is better, mainly chemical fertilizer, fire ground ash can also be used, generally using calcium magnesium phosphorus and compound fertilizer, legume grass can be appropriately increased. Seed dressing can not only make the seeds absorb nutrients in time after emergence, but also make the sowing more uniform. (3) topdressing: used in the growing period of forage grass, it is mainly chemical fertilizer, but mature organic fertilizer can also be used. Topdressing methods include surface application, strip application, strip application and root application. Organic manure is generally applied after ploughing. It can be sprinkled on the surface of chemical fertilizer, and strip application is used in cultivated grassland. The first topdressing should be carried out before the emergence of forage grass to tillering, mainly urea and compound fertilizer to increase tillering. The second topdressing should be carried out from jointing to booting of forage grass and before budding of leguminous forage, mainly potassium chloride and urea, in order to promote the vegetative growth of forage grass and the need of seed reproduction. Mowing grassland can be mowed at least 4 times a year, each cutting must be topdressing, legume grass topdressing mainly use potassium chloride and compound fertilizer, can increase grass yield. 4. Water. There are many Rain Water in our city, so it is not necessary to irrigate the cultivated forage grass. However, due to the long drought time in summer and autumn, it often affects the forage grass sowing or does not emerge for a long time after sowing, so it should be irrigated properly where there are conditions. The methods are furrow irrigation, drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. When planting in the field, horse water should be released so as not to cause stagnant water and cause the death of rotten roots of forage grass. There are many Rain Water in spring, so we should pay attention to drainage. 5. Field management. The field management of grassland is to eliminate the unfavorable factors affecting the growth of forage grass and create good conditions for its growth and development. (1) break soil hardening: after forage sowing, soil hardening is caused by rain, which affects seed emergence. Short teeth can be used to hoe or rake, but the seedlings must be prevented from damage, or light irrigation can be used to break the hardening. (2) Intertillage weeding: herbage is very vulnerable to weeds at seedling stage, especially spring sowing varieties, so intertillage weeding must be carried out to cultivate forage grass. There are two methods of weeding, one is artificial weeding, the weeds are ploughed in small hours, and the weeds are hoed deeply when the weeds are large. Autumn sowing varieties can not be weeded or less weeded. Second, chemical herbicides are used to control weeds, and different herbicides must be selected for different weeds. Grass grass can be used to control broad-leaf weeds in Gramineae grassland, such as broad-leaf dew, herbicide, grass pine, etc., while legume and double-leaflet pasture can be used to control grass weeds. (3) Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests Gramineae is prone to rust and powdery mildew, legume forage is prone to leaf spot, downy mildew and so on. Attention should be paid to the removal of weeds, the elimination of disease sources, and timely topdressing to improve the disease resistance of forage grass. Once diseases and insect pests such as armyworm and aphids occur, pesticides are used to control them, but the forage grass cannot be used after spraying and can only be used after the effect.