Technical points of feeding and Management of Beef cattle

1. Nutrition and feed of fattening cattle 1.1 Nutrition of fattening cattle includes energy, protein, minerals and vitamins. 1.2.1 there are many kinds of feed for cattle, including concentrate, roughage, mineral supplement beverage and vitamin supplement feed. 1.2.2 roughage includes crop straw, hay, grass, silage, root tubers and melons and vegetables (such as sweet potato, potato, sugar beet, pumpkin, etc., which contain more water and high dry matter energy, also known as energy feed). 1.2.3 concentrate includes leguminous seeds, such as soybeans, black beans, peas and their cake dregs and Gramineae seeds, such as corn, barley, sorghum and wheat bran, distiller's grains, vinegar dregs, brewer's grains, etc. Gramineae seeds and their cake dregs are rich in crude protein, so they are called protein feed. The protein content of legume straw is 8-10%, while that of Gramineae straw is 4-6%. The common characteristic of both is that the content of crude fiber is as high as 35-45%. Crude fiber plays an important nutritional role in cattle and is an indispensable nutrient, accounting for 13-17% of the diet. 1.2.4 Mineral supplementary feed includes bone meal, shell powder, calcium carbonate, salt and so on. This kind of feed is mainly supplemented with calcium, phosphorus, sodium and chlorine in the diet to meet the needs of fattening cattle. Bone meal and salt account for 1-2% of the dietary concentrate. 1.2.5 Mineral supplementation and dietary vitamins, non-protein nitrogen (such as urea), insect repellents, antibiotics and other feed additives. The function of these additives is to improve dietary nutrients, improve feed digestion and utilization, promote cattle weight gain and prevent diseases. 2. Selection of fattening cattle 2.1 the selected cattle must grow and develop normally, healthy and disease-free. 2.2 select bulls or castrates of Simmental, Danish Red Bull, Qinchuan cattle and local yellow cattle, black and white cattle and local yellow cattle. 2.3 Age and sex of fattening cattle: generally, eunuchs or cows can start at about 24 months of age, while bulls start at 13 months of age and should reach 18 months of age at the latest. The fattening effect of young cattle is good. The bulls are over 24 months old, and the bulls or cows are 30 months old. 3. Fattening period 3.1 the length of the general fattening period depends on the age, sex, age and nutrition level of cattle at the time of slaughtering, and economic benefits should also be taken into account. 3.1.1 for older cattle, the fattening period should be short, generally after a fattening period of about 3 months, and at the age of 18 months or younger, it usually goes through a fattening period of about 8 months. 3.1.2 bulls begin to fattening at the age of about 12 months and can go through a fattening period of 6-8 months. When bulls start fattening at the age of 15-18 months, they should be slaughtered after a fattening period of 4-6 months. 3.1.3 during the last two months of the fattening period, the dietary nutrient concentration should be increased to improve the composition of meat. During the whole fattening period, when the dietary nutrient concentration is high, the fattening period is shorter; when the dietary nutrient concentration is low, the fattening period should be longer. 3.1.4 the suitable ages for fencing or slaughtering are as follows: bulls are about 18-22.5 months old, cows or eunuchs are 22-24 months old. 3.1.5 before fattening, fattening cattle should be dewormed, stomach-strengthening and castrated. Cattle over 10 months old can also be fattened. 4. Feeding and management of fattening cattle 4.1 feeding of fattening cattle 4.1.1 feeding methods: house feeding in Chuanyuan area, grazing and supplementary feeding in mountain area. 4.1.1.2 House fattening can be divided into two kinds: continuous fattening method and shelf cattle fattening method. The continuous fattening method is a method in which cattle are fattened with fattening diets to 15-18 months after weaning (5-6 months old), and the live capacity is about 350-400 kg. The advantages of this method are young age, good meat quality, disadvantages, long feeding period, high cost and low benefit. At present, it is seldom used in rural areas. Shelf cattle fattening method: after weaning, calves are fed with a higher nutrition level diet after 12-18 months of age, concentrated fattening for 3-6 months, and the live weight reaches about 400-500 kg to be slaughtered. This method is suitable for fattening shelf cattle produced by house feeding in agricultural areas or perennial grazing in mountainous areas. it has the advantages of low material consumption, low cost and can increase the number of turnover. 4.1.1.2 after grazing and fattening in the mountain area, the fattening cattle grew to 18 months old and weighed about 350 kg. This method is simple and easy, mainly grazing on local natural grassland, with low cost and high benefit. 4.1.2 Technical requirements for feeding diets of fattening cattle. 4.1.2.1 the diet of fattening cattle is mainly composed of concentrate and roughage. According to the content of nutrients in roughage and dry matter, the proportion of concentrate and roughage is 1:2-3. 4.1.2.2 concentrate should contain 2-3 kinds of protein feed, 2-3 kinds of energy feed, and at least 2 kinds of roughage. 4.1.2.3 the total amount of feed for fattening cattle per day is about 2% of the live weight according to dry matter, while 2.4-3% of the live weight for shelf cattle (green cattle without fattening after weaning). 4.1.2.4 Dietary mix: diet refers to a group of mixed feed eaten by one fattening cow day and night, which generally includes green fodder, roughage, concentrate and additive feed. 4.1.2.5 Dietary matching of fattening cattle: based on the feeding standard, combined with the flexible application of local feed resources, it should be revised as appropriate. On the basis of first meeting the need for energy, then consider the need for protein, minerals and vitamins. The nutritional needs of beef cattle are expressed as a percentage, with energy 86-93%, protein 6-12%, and minerals and vitamins 1-2%. 4.1.2.6 the composition of feed should be in line with the digestive physiological characteristics of cattle, with a reasonable mix of roughage and a small amount of concentrate, and the content of crude fiber in the diet should not be less than 13%. 4.1.2.7 the composition of the diet should be diversified and palatable, which is in line with the feeding ability of beef cattle, which can not only meet the nutritional needs, but also make the cattle full. The feed intake of beef cattle is 2-3 kg dry matter per 100 kg body weight. Feed should be made locally and produced locally so as to reduce the cost. 4.1.2.8 principles and methods of dietary coordination: first check the nutrition table and feed nutrition composition table, initially determine the type and amount of forage in the diet, generally 1-1.5 kg of hay and 3-4 kg of silage per 100 kg body weight. Supplement and balance: subtract the nutritional needs of beef cattle from the amount of feed provided by forage, and the difference is the amount of concentrate supplement, as well as minerals and vitamins. If urea is used to increase the level of dietary crude protein, the dosage should not exceed 3% of the amount of refined feed, and do not drink a large amount of water immediately after feeding, so as not to cause poisoning and death. 4.1.2.9 Farmers adopt tethered breeding, one cow in one trough or two cattle in one trough, one cow in one pile, to restrict activities, reduce calorie consumption and promote fat gain. 4.1.3 feeding method of fattening cattle 4.1.3.1 fattening cattle in house and before fattening (2-3 months), concentrated short-term fattening should be carried out, and diets should be matched strictly in accordance with nutritional standards to meet the needs of weight gain. 4.1.3.2 adhere to clean grass, clean material, clean trough and clean water. 4.1.3.3 keep feeding three times a day, each time at an interval of not less than 6 hours, and average daily feeding in different times. Feed regularly and rationally. 4.1.3.4 fattening cattle drink water at least twice a day until they drink enough. 4.1.3.5 forage feeding order: grass before feed, or forage mixed feeding. 4.1.3.6 Mountain areas where grazing and fattening (about 13 months old, young cattle passing the first winter and spring) must be fed when grazing on natural pastures, otherwise hay and mixed feed should be supplemented. Concentrate supplementary feeding volume is about 1-2.5 kg per day. 4.2 Management of fattening cattle 4.2.1 adhere to "Liujing" 4.2.1.1 Feed net: do not feed feed that is moldy and deteriorated or contaminated by toxic pesticides, and does not contain foreign bodies such as sand, gravel, metal and plastic film. 4.2.1.2 Caojing: no soil, nails, wires, plastic film and spoiled forage grass. 4.2.1.3 Circle net: take out feces frequently and keep the air fresh. 4.2.1.4 cleaning: keep cleaning every day, especially after each feeding in summer, to prevent forage residue from fermenting or mildew in the tank. 4.2.1.5 Clean Water: clean drinking water, clean the water tank regularly. 4.2.1.6 Clean cattle: brush it 1-2 times a day to keep the cow clean and clean. It is necessary to control the ectoparasite bovine fly in summer. 4.2.2 remove parasites from the body before fattening, timely vaccination in areas where infectious diseases occur, and do a good job in the prevention and control of the epidemic disease to ensure the health of cattle; "five looks" in the fattening process, one looks at the speed of grazing, the second looks at ruminating, the third looks at the shape of feces, the fourth looks at mental state, and the fifth looks at walking gait. Two touches, one touches the ear, and the other touches the nose. Timely measures should be taken when abnormal situations are found.