Improvement and fattening techniques of Beef cattle

First, the technical introduction. The improvement and fattening technology of beef cattle is to make use of various crossbreeding methods, using local yellow cattle as female parent, introducing excellent meat breeds as male parent, making use of the heterosis of hybrid offspring, and according to the characteristics of nutritional requirements of their growth and development. a technique for beef cattle production by scientifically preparing feed and fattening with appropriate concentrate. The hybrid progenies not only retain the characteristics of extensive tolerance and strong applicability of local cattle, but also have the advantages of fast growth, high meat production, good meat quality and high feed reward of foreign excellent breeds. as a result, the body shape, growth rate and meat production performance of local yellow cattle have been improved. Technical operating rules 1. Breeds are mainly used for improved beef breeds: Heyford cattle, Charolais cattle, Angus cattle, Limousin cattle, Simmental cattle, Piemter cattle, provincial and municipal local yellow cattle. 2. The crossbreeding mode of beef cattle (1) Economic hybridization, also known as production hybridization, is a cross between a high-yielding bull and a local yellow cattle to obtain hybrid offspring with economic value, increase the number of products and reduce production costs. to meet the needs of commodity production. For example, when Simmental crosses with local yellow cattle, the hybrid progenies are superior to local yellow cattle in weight gain rate, dressing percentage, net meat percentage and so on, and the feed cost is lower than that of local cattle. (2) recurrent hybridization and "terminal" bull ① recurrent hybridization is a productive cross further developed on the basis of economic hybridization, which uses two or more breeds of bulls and cows alternately to maintain a certain heterosis generation by generation, thus obtaining cattle herds with strong vitality and high productivity. The schematic diagram is as follows: the first generation of local yellow cattle crossbred with Simmental, crossed with Charolais, and the second generation of cows crossbred with Simmental, and continued reincarnation. ② "terminal" bull hybrid system: that is, the bull of breed B is mated with purebred cow of breed A, and the FI cow (BA) is crossed with the third breed of C bull. The FZ is sold regardless of male and female, no further hybridization, and stop the crossbreeding of bull of breed C finally, it is called "terminal" bull hybrid system. The characteristic is that it can make the advantages of varieties complement each other and obtain the highest production performance. For example, Simmental crossed with the mother of local yellow cattle, and the first generation of cows crossed with Charolais or Piemt bulls, and all their offspring were fattened. ③ reincarnation-"terminal" bull hybrid system: 45% of cows in two or three breeds are reserved for recurrent crossbreeding for renewal of cows; the remaining 55% of cows are bred with fast-growing and good meat breeds to achieve the effect of reducing feed consumption and producing more beef. Another feature of this method is not to raise purebred cows. (3) in progressive crossbreeding, bulls of fine breeds mate with local yellow cattle, and the first generation of hybrid cows mate with bulls of the same breed to produce hybrid second generations until the required good characters are obtained. or achieve the goal of thoroughly transforming the local breed. 3. Fattening techniques of beef cattle (1) fattening system of beef cattle ① fattening system of 6-month-old calves: calves born in spring are weaned from November to December of the same year (6 months old). The concentrate accounts for about 30% of the rations during the overwintering period, and it begins to be strengthened at the age of 12 months, and the final intensity fattening is 100 to 120 days. The body weight at the age of 18 months can reach more than 450 kg, which is sold or slaughtered. The fattening system of ② calves aged 12-14 months: after grazing and feeding, the general fattening was carried out for 4 months at the age of 12-14 months, and then the body weight was more than 450kg when fattening for 4 months to 20-22 months. ③ land-to-place fattening system: in terms of age, the younger one can be newly weaned, and the older one can be 8 years old. In terms of sex, it should be a key cow (that is, a castrated bull) or a bull. The body weight should be more than 150 kg. The shelf cattle should be transferred from the calving area to another area. After 15 days of overfeeding and epidemic observation, the shelf cattle will be fattened for 120 kg for 130 days and weigh more than 450 kg, and will be sold or slaughtered. (2) Scientific preparation of feed ① feed silage: making silage into silage can keep the feed juicy, palatable and can be preserved for a long time, which is a good way to solve the problem of feed in winter. Silage raw materials: all silages can be made into silage, and the effect is good with high sugar content. Such as corn, ryegrass, sweet potato vine, Ziyunying, radish and so on are good silage materials. Silage method: generally use cellar storage is convenient, silage tower, plastic bag storage can also be used, silage cellar mostly use rectangle. When building the cellar, we should choose dry terrain, hard soil, low groundwater level, good drainage and close to the barn. The size of the cellar is determined according to the number of cattle raised, generally silage 750 kilograms per cubic meter. If urea is added to the silage, the silage urea feed has a better feeding effect, usually adding 4 kilograms of urea per 1000 kg of surface material. After the urea is dissolved in water, the urea is evenly added layer by layer and mixed well. The modulation of ② straw ammoniation: the nitrogen source in straw was increased by ammoniation, and the palatability was improved. Ruminants used non-protein nitrogen in straw to synthesize protein, which improved the feeding effect of straw. The straw feed in our city is mainly rice straw, a small amount of corn and sugarcane tail. Detoxification treatment of ③ cottonseed cake: 100kg cottonseed cake was soaked in 0.75kg ferrous sulfate and 250kg water for 12 hours and then used in conjunction with other feeds. ④ rapeseed cake detoxification treatment: take a big pot, put 50kg rapeseed cake and 150kg water, change water once a day for 3 consecutive days, take out and dry for storage. ⑤ uses feed additives: 75 grams of baking soda, 25 grams of auxin, 25 grams of artificial salt and 5 milligrams of vitamin A per cow. Concentrate formula: spring and autumn: corn (crushed, the same below) 70%, cottonseed cake 20.5%, wheat bran 5%, shell powder 3%, salt 1.5%. Summer: corn 68%, cottonseed cake 23.5%, wheat bran 5%, shell powder 25%, salt 1%. Winter: corn 70%, cottonseed cake 22%, wheat bran 50%, shell powder 3%, salt 1%. If there is no corn can be replaced by Zaogu, no cottonseed cake can be replaced by peanut cake, bean cake, etc., the dosage is 5% of cottonseed cake, while increasing the amount of wheat bran, rapeseed cake can be replaced in the same amount. (3) feeding and management of ① to get rid of parasites: 50mg of thiobichlorophenol per kg of body weight or 5ml of Jialing Sante per 100kg of body weight. ② daily management procedures: preparing materials, shaking materials, feeding, drinking water to tie cattle, brushing cattle to clean up feces, etc. Scope of application this technology can be applied to the majority of farmers and small and medium-sized professional beef cattle production households or beef cattle fattening farms.