Feeding technique of Mutton Sheep

Mutton sheep have physiological characteristics such as early sexual maturity, estrus in four seasons, high lambing frequency and more than two lambs per litter. Therefore, the breeding period of mutton sheep is short and the turnover is fast, and seasonal forage resources can be fully utilized to achieve lambing year, fattening year, slaughtering year and benefit year. Moreover, the sheep production pen investment is less, the feeding cost is low, the economic benefit is good, and the herbivorous livestock is suitable for the majority of farmers to raise. 1. Main breeds of mutton sheep Boer goat was introduced into China in 1995, which was produced in subtropical region of South Africa. The sheep has the characteristics of big body, early maturity, fast growth, high reproduction rate, more meat production and strong disease resistance. Adult rams weigh 95 - 105 kg and ewes 65 - 75 kg. The body weight was 50~75 kg at 9 months old, 19~36.5 kg at 3 and 5 months old, the carcass percentage was 52.4%, and the carcass quality was good. In spring and autumn, oestrus was obvious, lambing rate was 150%~190%, lambing rate was 123%~184%. Nanjiang yellow sheep is produced in Nanjiang County, Sichuan Province. It has the characteristics of big physique, fast growth and development, four seasons, strong reproduction, good lactation, strong disease resistance, good picking habits, extensive tolerance, strong adaptability, high productivity and good skin quality. Adult rams weigh 57.3 - 58.5 kg and ewes 38.25 - 45.1 kg. The average weight of 10 months is 27.53 kg, which is the best time for slaughter. Sexual maturity is early, and there is puberty at 3 months old. Rams bred at 12 - 18 months and ewes bred at 6 - 8 months. The average lambing rate was 194.62%, lambing rate of multiparous ewes was 205.2%. Hu sheep are mainly produced in Taihu Lake Basin. It has the characteristics of strong reproduction, precocious puberty, estrus all the year round and rapid early development. Adult rams weigh 52 kg and ewes 39 kg. The average number of lambs per litter is more than 2, and the lambing rate is more than 24.5%. White goats are produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai regions. He is medium to small in build and white in color. Adult rams weigh 28.6 kg and ewes 18.4 kg. Most ewes produced 3 lambs in two years, 2~3 lambs per litter, 4~5 lambs per litter, lambing rate was 228.37%. II. Feeding and management of mutton sheep (a) Management of sheep feeding. The general requirement is to ensure that the ram is moderately aroused, vigorous, energetic, and sexually active throughout the year. Housing ventilation, dry sunny. The feed has high nutritional value, sufficient high-quality protein, vitamin A, D and minerals. 1~1.5 months before mating, concentrate was increased according to 60%~70% of the daily feeding amount of mating period, and gradually increased to the daily feeding amount of mating period. namely 1 kilogram of concentrate, 2 kilograms of high-quality hay, 0.5 kilograms of carrots, 15 - 20 grams of salt and 5 - 10 grams of bone meal. Supply 2 - 3 times a day. Breeding sheep weight is big, semen quality is good, breeding task should increase milk and eggs. During the non-breeding period, 500g concentrate, 3kg hay, 0.5kg carrot and 5~ 10g salt were supplied daily. In order to ensure the quality of ram semen and sperm motility, in addition to ensuring the supply of nutrition, we should also strengthen ram movement. (2) Feeding and management of ewes Empty ewes and late lactation ewes need 2.4%~2.6% of their body weight to catch fat and rejuvenate and strive for full fat breeding. The gestation period of ewes is 150 days. Pregnant 3 months, fetal development is slow, nutrition and empty gestation period the same, at night appropriate supply concentrate and forage. Two months after pregnancy, the fetus develops rapidly, the heat metabolism is improved by 15%~20%, the phosphorus and calcium are increased by 40%~50%, the ratio of calcium to phosphorus is 2:1, and grazing is nearby 7~8 days before birth to prevent extrusion and eating deteriorated forage and feed. The lactation period of ewe is 120 days, and the nutrition of lamb in the first 2 months depends on breast milk. In order to ensure the growth and development of lamb, sufficient forage and feed must be supplied to lactating ewe. For every 100 grams of lamb weight gain, 500 grams of breast milk and 0.3 kilograms of dried chicken feed are required, i.e. 33 grams of protein, 1.2 grams of phosphorus and 1.8 grams of calcium. Two-lambing ewes were fed 0.4~5 kg concentrate, 1 kg high quality hay and 1.5 kg juicy feed per day, and single-lambing ewes were fed 0.3~0.5 kg concentrate, 0.5 kg high quality hay and 1.5 kg juicy feed per day. Ewe lactation decreased in late lactation, lambs have been able to eat mixed concentrate and grass, can be gradually reduced to stop supplement feed. (3) Feeding and management of lambs during lactation and fattening period 1. Lambs should eat colostrum in time after birth. Within a month to eat breast-based, feeding supplement, early start food, training to eat grass, promote stomach development, increase nutrition sources. After two months of age, feeding was dominant and lactation was secondary. Proper exercise, mother-child grouping, fat scratching, insect repellent. After weaning, the daily gain of lambs is more than 150 g, and the air-dried feed is 0.7~1 kg. Winter grass is less, should increase auxiliary materials, such as hay, silage, etc. to ensure the growth and development of nutritional needs. 2. The fattening of mutton sheep is to eliminate sheep and lamb fattening. After weaning lambs, divide male lambs and female lambs into large, small, strong and weak groups. Good lambs are reserved ewes, and the rest are grouped and fed as fattening sheep. By fully utilizing the characteristics of fast growth and high feed reward of weaned lambs from 3 to 6 months, good fattening effect will be obtained by feeding them in house and supplying sufficient and comprehensive nutrients, that is, the weight of mutton sheep at 3 days old can reach 50% of that of yearling sheep, and that at 6 months old can reach 75%. Feed returns decreased with age. 1 month, 2 months, 3 months and lambs need 1.8 kg, 4 kg, 5 kg of feed respectively, digestible protein is 225 g, 450 g and 600 g respectively, in addition to adequate supply of high quality pasture. The fattening and weight gain of culled sheep are slow, usually taking 75~100 days, and the fattening effect is not good if the time is too long or too short. The total dietary requirement of fattening sheep is that concentrate (dry) accounts for 60%~70%, concentrate accounts for 30%~40%. In order to improve fattening effect, compound feed additives are commonly used. They are trace elements (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Se), rumen metabolism regulators, growth promoters and harmful microbial inhibitors. The rate of weight gain and feed conversion rate were increased by 23.1% and 18.7% respectively. Each sheep was fed 2.5~ 3.3g additive mixed with concentrate feed every day. Monensin sodium (also known as rumen element) can also be used to increase daily gain by 35%, feed conversion rate can be increased by 27%, the method is to add 25~30 mg per kilogram of diet mixed feeding, the initial amount can be added gradually after a small point. III. Breeding of mutton sheep (i) Sexual maturity and age of first mating of sheep Under normal feeding conditions, about 70% of meat rams reach sexual maturity, and the initial mating age is about 12 months. The timing of lambing is arranged according to the needs of production. (2) The estrus of mutton sheep. When lambs grow to a certain age, ewes have a series of sexual behaviors, that is, oestrus and ovulation at a certain time. The estrous cycle from this oestrus to the next oestrus is 18~23 days, with an average of 20 days. It takes 24~48 hours for ewes and goats to estrus. (3) oestrus identification, which is carried out by combining test and external observation. The test is 1 test ram (with test cloth), 40 ewes can be tested, and the breeding is carried out once in the sheeppen in the morning and evening. The ewe showed excitement and restlessness, continuous chirping, strong tail shaking, flushing and swelling of vulva, crawling behavior of other ewe, accepting ram crawling behavior, etc. In production, if there are many ewes, hormone treatment of ewes makes ewes synchronous estrus, synchronous mating, synchronous lambing and synchronous breeding lambs, so as to achieve the purpose of centralized management to improve efficiency. There are three ways. One of these is when 5% of the ewes are in estrus, 1 ml of ITC is injected into the neck of the non-estrus sheep, and estrus begins 24 hours later and lasts until day 5. On the second and third day, oestrus sheep were the most. (4) There are two ways to breed ewes: one is natural mating. The second is artificial insemination. In general, we use artificial insemination. This is an advanced scientific breeding method, which has five advantages: First, improve the utilization rate of excellent breeding rams. The second is to reduce the amount of breeding rams, save grass and feed, and reduce feeding costs. Third, improve the conception rate of ewes. The fourth is to prevent infectious diseases. Fifth, prolong and enlarge the utilization period and the range of seed supply of fine ram semen. In mutton sheep production, economic hybridization (hybridization of two or more breeds) is often used to produce mutton sheep with fast growth rate, more meat, good meat quality, high feed reward and good economic benefit. When choosing breed, pay attention to choosing lambing much, vitality is strong, grow rate is fast, build big, breed of feed reward is tall to make breed sheep. It is very important to master the oestrus and ovulation time of ewes. Under normal circumstances, ewes ovulate 24~36 hours after estrus, and most ewes ovulate between 12~24 hours after estrus. In the morning of labor, oestrus, 4~5 pm for the first insemination mating, the next morning for the second mating. The ewes in oestrus in the afternoon of the same day entered the first mating at 8~9 a.m. the next day and the second mating in the afternoon. 5) Pregnancy. The fertilized eggs of ram sperm and ewe egg pair grow and develop in female reproductive tract for 146~161 days, and produce in vitro for 152 days on average. There are four ways to determine the pregnancy of ewes: one is external examination. Mainly observed ewe estrous cycle stop, appetite increased, hair color moist light, temperament docile. After 3 months of pregnancy, the right side of the abdomen is more prominent than the left side, and the breasts are swollen. Second, rectal examination. Third, vaginal examination. After 3 weeks of pregnancy, when the vaginal opener opens the vagina, the mucosa is white and turns pink a few seconds later. Fourth, progesterone content determination. It can be determined when progesterone content in pregnant goat milk is greater than or equal to 8.3 ng/ml or progesterone content in plasma is greater than or equal to 3 ng/ml 20~25 days after breeding. (6) Nursing of ewes and lambs during childbirth, lambing and postpartum Ewe pregnant about 150 days, breast expansion, nipples firm, hand squeeze a small amount of yellow milk, vaginal mucus from thick to thin, stand uneasy, often chirping. The ewes are then left in the hay lined farrowing pen. After 5~6 hours, the multiparous ewes will give birth to lambs smoothly, and after 0.5~2 hours, the placenta will be discharged. Newborn ewes and those with large fetal pockets need artificial assistance in lambing. After the lambs are born, rub the mucous membrane off the snout of the lambs and let the ewes lick them dry. Cut the umbilical cord, squeeze the blood out of it, disinfect it with iodine. If suspended animation occurs, hold the lamb's front and rear limbs with both hands, slowly move the chest or do artificial blowing. After delivery, ewes were fed with warm salt water mixed with wheat husk. After 2 - 3 hours, the placenta is removed and removed to prevent the ewes from eating it. Train ewes to nurse lambs. 1~3 days after parturition, the ewes were fed with 0.25~ 0.5g/animal feed every day, including 35% corn, 47% wheat grain, 15% soybean cake, 0.5% salt and 2.5% mineral premix. Concentrate and juicy feed are gradually added over time. Lambs must eat colostrum one hour after birth, and lambs that cannot eat colostrum should be assisted artificially, which is an important measure to ensure lamb survival. After 10 days, the lambs were trained to eat. Young grass was fed first. After 30 days, each sheep was supplemented with 50~ 100g concentrate per day. After 60 days, it ate 100~ 150g concentrate per sheep per day. Male lambs are castrated within 30 days of birth. 42~84 days old, raised in groups. IV. Construction of sheep houses Sheep houses should be built in higher terrain, ventilated and sunny, not too close to roads, water and management convenience. The sheep house requires summer heatstroke prevention and winter cold protection. Housing more use "one" shape, its lighting is good, temperature difference is not big, economic and applicable. Single slope or sheep house span small, natural lighting good, suitable for small sheep farms or farmers. Sheephouse area: lambing ewes 1~2 m2/sheep, breeding rams 2~2.5 m2/sheep, young rams 0.7~1 m2/sheep, young ewes 0.7~0.8 m2/sheep, weaning lambs 0.2~0.3 m2/sheep, fattening lambs 0.6~0.8 m2/sheep. The playground area of the sheep house is calculated as 25% of the lambing ewes. The ground is required to have a slope of 1%~1.5%, no ponding, easy to discharge, easy to clean and easy to disinfect. Simple sheep houses can be built according to local conditions. The main facilities of sheep farm are: forage rack, feed trough, neck rack, movable mother and baby pen, movable lamb supplementary feeding pen, grouping pen, medicine bath, sheep cage and weighing scale. 5. Disease prevention and control of mutton sheep 1. The main measures for epidemic prevention are to strengthen feeding management and enhance the resistance of sheep to diseases. Establish and improve the veterinary hygiene and epidemic prevention system. Do a good job in the sanitation management of environment, sheep house, sports ground, feed, drinking water and utensils. Strictly implement quarantine system, earnestly implement immunization plan, carry out regular vaccination, do a good job of insect control and spring and autumn medicated bath work. 2. For epidemic prevention of infectious diseases, it is mainly to timely discover and diagnose infectious diseases of Class I, II and III sheep stipulated by the state, report them to the higher authorities as soon as possible, quickly block and isolate them, disinfect pollutants, carry out emergency vaccination with vaccines (bacteria) and anti-blood, and timely and reasonable treatment of sick sheep. Dead or eliminated sheep shall be treated according to regulations. 3, the prevention and control of parasites, mainly control and eliminate the source of infection, cut off the transmission route, protect vulnerable sheep.