Breeding techniques of Black-bone Sheep

1. Grazing and raising (1) the organization of sheep flocks can not only save labor, but also facilitate the management of sheep flocks. Generally speaking, sheep flocks should be organized according to the sex and age of sheep according to different grazing conditions in different areas. In pastoral areas and areas with large grassland area, generally, 200 ~ 250 ewes are bred and bred, 150 ~ 200 rams are castrated and fattened, and 80 ~ 100 rams are fattened. Agricultural areas generally do not have a large area of grassland, sheep grazing more use of land, roadside, woodland, river embankment, grazing is limited, sheep should not be too large. 30 ~ 50 ewes were bred and bred into a group, 20 ~ 40 rams were castrated into a group, and about 10 rams were fattened into a group. Agricultural and pastoral areas and hilly and mountainous areas can be determined by grazing conditions. (2) key points of four Seasons grazing Management ① Spring grazing: due to poor fat, greediness and greed of sheep after a long dry grass season in winter and spring, it may cause dysentery, or poisoning by accidental feeding on poisonous weeds, or grass distension (rumen gas). Therefore, in spring grazing, it is necessary to prevent sheep from "running green" and second, to prevent sheep from "bloating". There is often a saying that "sheep stop their heads and fill their bellies with oil; if they do not stop their heads, they will run into thin horse monkeys." The hands should be tight in spring grazing. At the beginning, you can put the old grass slope or feed some hay, and then graze on the green grass slope. Tender grass in spring, high water content, cold in the morning, can not let sheep eat dew grass, otherwise it is easy to cause diarrhea. In spring, after grazing the grass, the sheep should be fed with salt every 5 to 6 days. Stir-fry the salt until it is yellowish, and add some ground heat-clearing, appetizing feed and necessary additives. This can help digestion, increase appetite and supplement nutrition. At the same time, let the sheep drink water at least once a day. ② summer grazing: summer climate is characterized by hot, torrential rain, mosquitoes, should do a good job of heat prevention and cooling. When grazing, you should pay attention to coming out early and returning late. When it is hot at noon, you should prevent sheep from "burying their nests" and let the sheep rest in a ventilated and shady place. If necessary, give a proper rest in the middle of grazing. At the same time, it is necessary to do a good job in mosquito prevention and deworming. Drink more water to the sheep and feed some salt properly. ③ autumn grazing: autumn sky is crisp, forage grass is rich, and grass seeds are gradually mature, so it should be the season of "good sheep grazing all over the mountains". Autumn is the fattening and breeding season of sheep. During grazing, attention should be paid to the satiety and placement of sheep, which is very important not only for fattening and fattening in winter, but also for safe winter and sheep reproduction. ④ winter grazing: winter weather is getting colder, plants begin to wither or fall, and there is rain, snow and frost. In grazing, attention should be paid to keeping cold, keeping warm, keeping fat and protecting lambs. Winter grazing often in front of the village and around the sheepfold let sheep eat some leaves, hay, sunny days let sheep exercise and bask in the sun, pregnant ewes do not cross ditches and mountains. At the same time, to repair the sheep shed, known as "ring warm three fat" said. (3) matters needing attention when grazing ① sheep should be checked before grazing, and after diseased sheep are found, they should be kept for observation and treatment, and estrus sheep should be recorded and mated in time, and the number of sheep should be counted to make sure that they have a clear idea. ② grazing personnel should carry some emergency medical equipment, such as ten drops of water to treat heatstroke, casing needle can deflate, and so on. When ③ goes out of grazing and returns to grazing, do not walk too fast, the grazing road should be moderate, do not travel long distances. ④ forbids throwing stones to beat sheep when grazing to prevent flocks. At the same time, pay attention to prevent the attack of wild animals. ⑤ do not let sheep eat frozen grass, dew grass, mildew grass, do not drink sewage. Prevent overeating and drinking. Second, house feeding of Boer sheep and hybrid sheep is more suitable for house feeding, sheep raising in agricultural areas is also mainly house feeding, some with seasonal grazing or "tied grazing". Sheep farms and sheep raised by professional households have special sheephouses and sports grounds, as well as feeding troughs and sinks. Pay attention to the following points when raising. ① timing, quantitative, qualitative, fixed person. Feed the sheep on time to form a conditioned reflex, which is conducive to digestion and absorption. It is necessary to determine the amount of grass and feed according to different sheep; to be full without wasting; to ensure feed quality and variety; to formulate matching diets according to feeding standards if possible; and to keep the breeders relatively fixed. ② forage, feed, drinking water should be clean, do not feed moldy grass, forage can not carry water, it is best to drink warm water in winter. ③ keep the sheep shed clean and dry, keep it warm in winter and cool in summer, and the feces should be cleaned frequently. ④ should do a good job in epidemic prevention and regular deworming in the spring and autumn. ⑤ should do a good job in the hygiene and disinfection of sheep farm, and sheep dung should be used after accumulation and fermentation. ⑥ increases sheep exercise and maintains sheep hygiene. 1. Breeding management of breeder ram feeding requires high nutritional value of feed, sufficient amount of high-quality protein, vitamin A, vitamin D and inorganic salt, easy to digest and good palatability. In the ideal feed, fresh hay includes ruthenica, clover, potato vine, peanut straw, corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, etc., and others include carrots, pumpkins, malt, bone meal and so on. Animal protein is also very important to breeding rams. When the frequency of mating or semen collection is high, it is necessary to supplement the feeding of raw eggs, milk and so on. The Boer ram should be raised in a single circle, and the ram should be grazed in a separate group, collecting semen twice or three times a day, and let it have a quiet rest after semen collection. Breeding rams should also carry out regular quarantine, vaccination, prevention and control of internal and external parasites, and pay attention to observe their daily mental state. The Boer sheep raised in Shenshui county are mainly fed in houses, and the time for ram grazing combined with exercise is 4 hours to 6 hours a day, and the dry coarse feed is potato rattan and peanut straw, which are allowed to eat freely, and the mixed concentrate is fed according to 1% of the body weight every day (see table). When semen collection is more frequent, supplement feeding 2 eggs a day. Semen is collected once or twice a day and a rest every 3 ~ 4 days. Semen quality is good in all the time, except when it is especially hot in summer and cold in winter. Semen can be collected almost all the year round. 2. Feeding and management of ewes (1) feeding and management before mating: before mating, ewes should be fattened and rejuvenated to store nutrients for mating pregnancy. Dietary coordination, on the basis of maintaining normal metabolism, for the thinner ewes after weaning, but also appropriate to increase nutrition, in order to achieve re-fat. The Boer ewes raised in the breeding farm of Lishui County are also mainly fed in houses, and the dry roughage, such as sweet potato rattan and peanut straw, are allowed to feed freely, grazing for about 4 hours a day, and each of them is supplemented with about 0.4 kg of mixed concentrate every day during this period. (2) feeding and management during pregnancy: due to the slow development of the fetus in the first 3 months of pregnancy, the nutritional needs are basically the same as those during the empty pregnancy. In the second two months of pregnancy, due to the rapid development of the fetus, 80% of the fetal weight grows in these two months, therefore, there should be adequate and full nutrition in these two months, and the metabolic level should be increased by 15% to 20%. The content of calcium and phosphorus should be increased by 40% to 50%, and there should be adequate amounts of vitamin An and vitamin D. The early pregnancy period of Boer sheep raised in Qiushui is basically the same as that of empty pregnancy. In the later stage of pregnancy, each sheep is fed with 0.6 kg-0.8 kg mixed concentrate and 3 g-5 g bone meal every day. About 10 days before delivery, more succulent feed should be fed. Pregnant ewes should strengthen management, prevent crowding, ditch jumping, panic herds, and slippage. Daily activities should be "slow and stable", and should not eat moldy feed and frozen feed to prevent abortion. (3) feeding and management during the lactation period: 2 ~ 3 months after delivery is the lactation period. At 2 months after delivery, breast milk is an important nutrient for lambs, especially from 15 to 20 days after birth, which is almost the only nutrition. Ewes should be fed at full price. During the lactation period, Boer lambs generally gain 200 grams to 250 grams per day, and need about 500 grams of breast milk for every 100 grams of weight gain, while to produce 500 grams of milk, 0.3 kilograms of air-dried feed is needed, that is, 33 grams of protein, 1.8 grams of calcium and 1.2 grams of phosphorus. In the later stage of lactation, due to the increase of feed intake of lambs, the feeding of ewes can be gradually reduced until the feeding of ewes is stopped. The management of lactating ewes should pay attention to control the amount of concentrate. Within 1 ~ 3 days after delivery, ewes should not be fed too much concentrate or Ling and ice water. Before weaning lambs should gradually reduce the amount of succulent feed and concentrate feed to prevent breast diseases. The ewe house should be cleaned and disinfected frequently, and the dirt such as placenta and wool mass should be removed in time to prevent the lamb from swallowing. During the lactation period, except for the free feeding of green hay, the Boer sheep raised in Xishui sheep farm were fed with succulent feed 1 kg ~ 2 kg and mixed concentrate 0.6 kg ~ 1 kg. In order to speed up the reproduction of Boer ewes, the lambs were born for 15 ~ 20 days, began to supplement the full price feed of commercial suckling pigs, and gradually fed some green fodder, and the lambs were generally weaned at the age of 2 months. 3. The nursing of lambs and the cultivation of lambs will affect not only their growth and development, but also their lifelong growth and production performance. Strengthening cultivation plays an important role in improving the survival rate of lambs and the quality of sheep. Therefore, we must attach great importance to the cultivation of lambs. Colostrum: the milk of ewes within 5 days after delivery is called colostrum, which is the only full-price natural food for lambs after birth. Phloem is rich in nutrients and antibodies such as protein (17%-23%) and fat (9%-16%). It has the effects of nutrition, disease resistance and light diarrhea. It is very important for lambs to eat colostrum in time after birth, which plays an important role in strengthening physique, resisting disease and excreting meconium. Therefore, newborn lambs should be allowed to eat colostrum as early as possible, the earlier they eat, the more they eat, the faster they gain weight, the stronger their physique, the less the disease, and the higher the survival rate. Normal milk period (6 ~ 60 days): at this stage, milk is the main food for lambs, supplemented by a small amount of forage. From birth to 45 days of age, the body length of lambs increased the fastest, and from birth to 75 days of age, the body weight of lambs increased the fastest. At this time, although the milk yield of ewes is also high, the nutrition is also very good, but the lambs should eat early and train to eat forage in order to promote the development of forestomach and increase the source of nutrition. In general, grass is given after 10 days of age, and the young green hay is tied up and hung in the air, allowing the lambs to eat freely. 20 days after birth began to train food, in the feed trough with boiling water scalded semi-wet material, guide the lambs to gnaw, repeated several times the lambs will eat. Pay attention to the temperature of the hot material should not be too high, should be the same as the milk temperature, so as not to burn the sheep's mouth. The transition period between milk and grass (from two months of age to weaning): lambs after two months of age gradually feed mainly, supplemented by lactation. After the lamb can eat the feed, the feed should be diversified, pay attention to the ontogeny and be adjusted at any time to promote the normal development of the lamb. The dietary digestible protein should be 16%-30%, and the digestible total nutrients should be 74%. At this time, the lamb should also be given proper exercise. With the increase of age, the lambs are driven to the pasture for grazing. Separate grazing of mother and son helps to gain weight, catch fat and prevent parasitic diseases, and weaned lambs should be dewormed before they are transferred or sold. 4. Feeding and management of bred sheep from weaning to pre-mating is called young sheep or bred sheep. This stage is a period of full development of sheep bones and organs. If nutrition fails to keep up, it will affect growth and development, physique, feed intake and future reproductive capacity. Strengthening cultivation can increase physique, promote the development of organs, and play an important role in improving meat ability and reproductive performance in the future. Rich nutrition and adequate exercise can make young sheep have broad breasts, developed heart and lungs and strong physique. Semi-grazing and semi-house feeding is the most ideal way to raise young sheep. After weaning to the age of 8 months, on the basis of eating enough high-quality hay, 250 ~ 300 grams of concentrate containing 15% digestible crude protein are supplemented daily. If the grass quality is good, you can also give less concentrate, and the young ram will give it more concentrate because it grows faster than the young ewe. Exercise is more important for young rams, which is not only conducive to growth and development, but also can prevent the formation of grass belly and addiction. Regular weighing is a sign of the perfect degree of development of bred sheep, and attention must be paid to weighing this index in feeding. The body weight of young sheep should be measured monthly in order to check the development of the whole flock. Weighing should be carried out before feeding or grazing in the morning. 5. Breeding and management of hybrid sheep at present, the cross utilization of Boer sheep has been widely popularized in Shandong Province, but generally speaking, the number of hybrid sheep is not too much. Due to the shortage of original breeds and high price of Boer goats, many good hybrid rams with wave blood are also reserved for breeding, and hybrid ewes are used for progressive hybridization to produce high blood sheep. The breeding and management of crossbred sheep and high blood sheep can be referred to the feeding and management of purebred Boer sheep. However, with the comprehensive development of hybrid utilization of Boer sheep, the number of hybrid sheep will be more and more, which may be used as the main commercial meat sheep in the future. therefore, the feeding and management of hybrid sheep should be studied. In the breeding and management of hybrid sheep, we should pay attention to the following points. The main results are as follows: (1) Feed nutrition should be improved properly: due to the rapid growth and development of hybrid sheep, especially in the 6 ~ 9 months after birth, the body weight of hybrid sheep can be doubled as that of local sheep. The demand for nutrition is also relatively high, and appropriate supplementary feeding should be carried out on the basis of local sheep diets. The amount of supplementary feeding generally depends on the weight gain requirements (see Table 2mur1) and the resources of green feed in different seasons. In general, crossbred sheep born in spring may not be fed properly except for fattening before and after weaning and before listing in places with good forage resources. However, hybrid sheep born in autumn and winter generally have to be supplemented, otherwise, the early growth and development will be affected, and the effect of hybridization will not be obvious. Generally, the mixed concentrate is fed according to 0.5% or 1% of the body weight of hybrid sheep. (2) to strengthen management: in addition to doing a good job in daily management, castration should be done in time, regular deworming, castrated sheep have a gentle temperament, easy management, easy fattening, and can reduce the taste of meat and improve the quality of mutton. Lamb castration is usually about 2 months after birth. The deworming work of hybrid sheep is very important. in general, trematodes and nematodes are expelled in spring and autumn, tapeworms every two months, and external parasites in spring, autumn and winter. (3) short-term fattening: in order to improve the growth rate and mutton quality. Hybrid sheep can be fattened for a short period of time one month before they are fattened. According to the experience of raising hybrid sheep in Lishui County, under normal grazing conditions, hybrid sheep about 6 months old are fed 150 grams of corn, 100 grams of wheat bran, 50 grams of soybean meal and 3 grams of bone meal every day. After about a month of fattening, the weight can be increased by 6 kg ~ 8 kg. (4) Lamb listing in the same year: popularizing lamb listing in that year is of great significance to reduce the need for forage in winter and spring, avoid "thin in winter and die in spring", and improve the commodity rate. The crossbreeding utilization of Boer sheep provides more favorable conditions for lambs to be listed in the same year. The early growth rate of hybrid sheep is especially fast, and the body weight can reach 25 kg ~ 30 kg at the age of 6 months to 9 months. Even hybrid sheep born in autumn can grow to about 20 kilograms at the age of 4 months as long as nutrition is strengthened and reasonable supplementary feeding is given. In addition, a reasonable arrangement of mating time is also a measure to ensure that the lambs are listed in the same year. (5) the use of additives: there are many kinds of additives, and their main functions are to supplement nutrients, promote growth, prevent diseases, health care and so on. The commonly used additives in goats are mineral additives, rare earth feed additives and deworming health additives. It is reported that adding 0.02% rare earths to the diet of fattening sheep after weaning can increase daily gain by 17.1% and feed conversion rate by 14.29% during the 60-day trial period. Rumin can promote propionic acid fermentation by changing the metabolic process and microbial activity in the rumen, thus promoting weight gain and feed conversion rate. Rumen is mixed into the feed in the form of feed additives, generally adding 25 mg ~ 30 mg per kilogram of diet, but pay attention to stirring evenly. Zearalol is made from zearalenone by hydrogenation. It is not a hormone, but it can promote the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland of sheep and promote protein synthesis. Therefore, it can not only promote the growth of muscle and fur, but also promote the development of bones.