Pharmacological formula

Cholinergic drugs are divided into two categories: excitatory receptor inhibitory enzymes; pilocarpine for eye and topical treatment of glaucoma; neostigmine anti-esterase for myasthenia gravis; and physostigmine for ophthalmology to reduce intraocular pressure. Atropine scopolamine class atropine, inhibit glandular smooth muscle; pupil dilated intraocular pressure, regulate paralysis heart rate fast; a large number of improvement of microcirculation, central excitement should be prevented; a wide range of advantages and disadvantages, application pay attention to cardiovascular. Clinical use has six points, gastrointestinal colic immediately relieved; mydriasis with ophthalmoscopy before suppressing secretion anesthesia; prevention of "Hongjing stickiness", which can treat bradycardia; infection shock and spasm, organophosphorus poisoning is the first choice. Scopolamine sedate significantly scopolamine, which is characterized by anti-motion sickness; it can treat asthma and "tremor", the rest are like atropine, but do not use it. Adrenaline α-and β-receptor stimulants, epinephrine is the representative; vasoconstriction and blood pressure rise, local anesthesia delays, local hemostatic effect is obvious, allergic shock is the first choice, heart excited trachea dilatation, asthma continues it can slow, cardiac arrest use "triple", pay attention to cardiovascular, α receptor is blocked, pressor effect can be reversed. Norepinephrine noradrenaline strongly constricts blood vessels, the pressor effect is not reversed, only intravenous drip is slow, causing renal failure is very common, urine volume during medication, shock early use of m-hydroxylamine. Isoproterenol isoprenaline bronchiectasis, asthma acute it can slow, dilate blood vessels to treat "infection", blood volume filling effect is obvious. Excite the heart to recover the heartbeat, accelerate the conduction law is not chaotic, asthma tolerance to prevent sudden death, hyperthyroidism crown heart must not choose. α receptor blocker, phentolamine benzamine, dilatation of blood vessels to treat embolism, decreased blood pressure, diagnosis and treatment of tumor, increased cardiac activity released by NA, treatment of shock and heart failure. β receptor blocker β receptor blocker, propranolol is the representative, clinical treatment of hypertension, arrhythmia and angina pectoris. Three taboos in mind, asthma, heart failure, bradycardia. The application of N drugs in the treatment of shock (1) the types of antishock drugs are divided into two types: vasomotor and vasomotor; hydroxylamine between positive kidney and pararenal kidney, vasoconstriction; scopolamine isoproterenal kidney, plus α-receptor blockers; and a class of dopamine, dilate blood vessels and promote circulation. (2) selection of drugs for common shock: accessory kidney for anaphylactic shock, combined with hormone; infection drugs in stages, dilatation, acid correction and anti-infection, early need for vasodilation, anisodamine is the first choice; later treatment of vasoconstriction, m-hydroxylamine instead of orthopedic kidney. Cardiogenic shock should be cautious and "diamine" should be chosen. Description: "diamine" refers to dopamine and m-hydroxylamine, which is highly toxic to epidural anaesthesia, while proca is safe and does not show anaesthesia; lidocaine is carefully selected, and its sedative hypnotics are often used to sedate and hypnotic barbital and benzodiazepam; anticonvulsant, antiepileptic, antianxiety, central muscle relaxant diazepam. Different doses have different effects, excessive poisoning quick rescue, gastric lavage fluid infusion and oxygen, alkalized urine to promote excretion. The choice of antiepileptic drugs for epileptic small hair, the first choice of ethylamine; localized seizures, phenytoin sodium Lumina; carbamazepine mental, persistent state of diazepam; slow dose withdrawal gradually, adhere to the use of drugs to prevent sudden arrest. Antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine, blocking receptor dopamine, sedative vomiting and cooling, artificial hibernation shows strange effect, long-term toxicity, tremor paralysis hypotension. Analgesic morphine *, very addictive; respiratory inhibition, careful choice; analgesic effect Ling, cardiac asthma stop; excessive poisoning, antagonistic naloxone. Acetylsalicylic acid, an antipyretic analgesics, inhibits PGE; antipyretic and analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic, inhibits platelets, prevents and treats thrombotic blockage There are many adverse reactions, "give you fame first" central stimulants, central stimulants, brain caffeine, nikoxamilobelin, acting site in the medulla oblongata, attending respiratory depression, suitable for children to choose lobelin, morphine poisoning coramine, too much dose is fatal. Antihypertensive drug central antihypertensive clonidine, antagonizing reserpine, α-R blocking prazosin, vasodilation "hydrazine", diuretic antihypertensive chlorothiazide, "tension conversion" capril, strong expansion of intravenous sodium nitroprusside, crisis myocardial infarction only choose it. A ladder. Individualization, lung, liver and kidney function should be examined in detail. Antihypertensive drugs are selected with coronary angina pectoris, and the use of guanidine and hydrazine, propranolol and nifedipine are prohibited to reduce blood pressure and resist heartache. Cerebrovascular, disease, can not use guanethidine; renal function, decline, forbidden carnitine, available dopa clonidine, with ulcers, clonidine, mental illness, blood pressure rise, first consider reserpine. Anti-angina pectoris drugs three kinds of anti-angina pectoris drugs, * dilate blood vessels, block calcium internal flow of nitropyridine, block β-R propranolol, increase blood supply and reduce oxygen consumption. Antiarrhythmic drugs antiarrhythmic drugs are very complex, cardiac electrophysiology commands it. There are three kinds of potassium, sodium and calcium, and three kinds of drugs are easy to separate. Reduce self-discipline and return, two sentences of abnormal principle. Slow dysrhythmia atropine, irregular ventricular rhythm "lidocaine". Atrial fibrillation, digoxin, cardiac glycosides poisoning phenytoin. β-R blocked supraventricular sex and calcium influx verapamil. "atrioventricular junction" it can correct amiodarone, the effect is omnipotent. Cardiotonic glycosides slow, moderate and fast, enhance cardiac free calcium; positive myodynamia is the most fundamental, indication of heart failure; slow heart rate and conduction, atrial fibrillation paroxysmal; toxic reaction three aspects, arrhythmia will die; maintenance therapy digoxin, forbidden calcium and potassium keep in mind. Anticoagulant thrombotic disease needs anticoagulant, heparin is strong and fast, anticoagulant is suitable in vivo and in vitro, protamine antagonism is fast, dicoumarin is only in vivo, excessive poisoning of Jiawei K, sodium citrate is used in vitro, a large number of blood transfusion to prevent low calcium. VK was selected to correct prothrombin deficiency, and Ⅱ, Ⅶ, Ⅸ and Ⅹ were synthesized more and liver function was decreased. Injection of vasopressin, such as internal hemostatic forceps; portal hypertension pulmonary hemoptysis, vasoconstriction effect; diabetes insipidus symptoms can be treated, cardiovascular attention. Hyperfibrinolysis can be corrected by aminotoluic acid, and thrombosis should be paid attention to because of its strong effect and low toxicity. Diuretics are strong, moderate and weak, and act on renal sodium excretion; for severe edema and renal failure, furosemide should be selected for emergency treatment; moderate effect Shuangke is commonly used, cardiac edema is good, potassium diuresis is weak and poor, and various types of edema are combined with it; beware of "41" in the strong, weak effect pay attention to potassium excess. Note: "four-one syndrome" refers to four low and one high symptoms of strong diuretics (hypovolemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hyperuricemia) and moderate diuretics (hyperammonia, hyperglycemia, hyperurea nitrogen, hyperuricemia, hypokalemia). Anti-allergy drug H1 receptor blocker, diphenhydramine is the representative; skin and mucosal allergy, choose this drug can be corrected; treatment of insomnia and antiemetic, strong positive effect; less adverse reactions, dry mouth sleepiness is common. There are many compound antacid drugs, which can correct each other and increase the effect; neutralize gastric acid to protect mucous membrane, the local effect is obvious. Cathartic magnesium sulfate, completed laxative, different effects; oral diarrhea and cholagogic, defecation and detoxification; injection of anticonvulsant and anticonvulsant, for eclampsia tetanus; local hot compress for swelling pain, not suppurated before use; pregnant women should be cautious during menstruation, kidney function decreased to choose sodium salt; excessive poisoning do not panic, calcium salt antagonism and detoxification. Antitussive drug central antitussive codeine, no phlegm dry cough effect, respiratory inhibition is easy to be addicted, safe and effective cough Biqing expectorant nausea expectorant ammonium chloride, excited vagal diluted sputum; sticky phlegm dissolving phlegm is easy to clean, sulfur bond fracture sputum degeneration; local after oral administration of prodrug, reasonable selection will not be delayed. Aminophylline, an antiasthmatic drug, has a significant effect on inhibiting esterase; relaxing tracheal smooth muscle, acute and slow asthma can be prevented and treated; cardiotonic, diuretic and exciting brain, it is important to control the dosage. XXXXX stimulants choose XXXXX stimulants, the dose is very important; relatively safe oxytocin, antenatal and postpartum suitable; ergot preparation for postpartum use, can also treat migraine. Antithyroid drugs: medical treatment of hyperthyroidism, mainly thiourea; peroxidase is inhibited, the effect is slow for a long course of treatment; drugs reduce granulocytes, regular blood examination is very important; hyperthyroidism crisis hand surgery, need to add a large amount of Lugo liquid; prevention and treatment of a small amount of iodine, anti-hyperthyroidism high dose. The peak of action is two weeks, pay attention to "iodine cold". Insulin: all types of severe diabetes, must supplement insulin; hypoglycemic effect is fast and strong, promote blood sugar into cells; increase utilization and storage, glycogen decomposition is less; source reduction of blood sugar, must prevent shock and hypoglycemia. Oral hypoglycemic drugs: two kinds of oral hypoglycemic drugs, whose action characteristics are slow and weak; sulfonylureas are ineffective when islet function is lost; phenformin is still in the right way and can not replace insulin X-ray contrast agent X-ray contrast agent, clinical application of barium iodine; barium sulfate for gastroenterography, iodine for gallbladder and kidney radiography; liver and kidney function examination drug, sulfonbromophenol sodium phenolsulfonphthalein Need to check cardiovascular, fluorescein sodium azo blue; if you want to check gastric function, choose pentapeptide gastrin; air oxygen can be developed, gynaecological radiography use it. Penicillin narrow-spectrum bactericidal penicillin, competitive bacterial transpeptidase; mucopeptide synthesis is interfered, positive bacteria are killed; allergic reaction is dangerous, one question, two tests and three observations. Description: first question: ask about allergy history; second test: skin allergy test before medication; third observation: 30 minutes after medication. Aminoglycosides aminoglycoside fungicides, inhibition of bacterial protein; anti-negative bacillins, streptomycin in the treatment of tuberculosis; ear and kidney toxicity is the most serious, the control dose must be used carefully. Streptomycin streptomycin, easy to resist, rapid and long-lasting. The general infection has been used less, and the combination of drugs increases the curative effect. Combined with isoniazid to treat sarcoidosis; combined with penicillin to treat endocarditis; tetracycline to treat Brucella disease; combined with SD, plague rabbit fever. Erythromycin macrolide erythromycin, alkaline environment increase effect; cyan red combination is not the right way, salting-out phenomenon should be remembered, Lin Hong competition combination point, four red combined use to increase liver toxicity. Tetracycline antibacterial spectrum, two bacteria, four bodies and one chloramphenicol, basically ineffective wound green knot. Description: two bacteria refer to bacteria and actinomycetes, four bodies refer to Rickettsia, mycoplasma, chlamydia and spirochetes, and one worm refers to amoeba protozoa. Sulfonamides antibacterial spectrum two bacteria in one and one worm, plus tuberculosis and leprosy. Explanation: two bacteria refer to bacteria and actinomycetes, one refers to Chlamydia trachomatis, and one worm refers to Plasmodium. Sulfonamide adverse reactions to prevent alkalized urine drinking water, regular examination of urine routine anti-tuberculosis drugs against tuberculosis isoniazid, the effect of three strong various types of spirit; drug resistance rapid toxicity is low, affecting the nerve plus VB. Disinfection antiseptic disinfection antiseptic nine kinds of drugs, phenolaldehyde acid halogen; oxidation dye heavy metal, as well as surfactant, inhibit and kill microorganisms, choose external use and do not take it internally. Selection of antimalarial drugs chloroquine is used to control malaria and primaquine is a radical cure. How to enter the endemic area, pyrimethamine to prevent. Primary aminoquinoline is highly toxic and should be used with caution in specific constitution. Action mechanism of antimalarial drugs chloroquine red chloroquine red red chloroquine adverse reactions are relatively few, headache tinnitus gastrointestinal tract; long-term use of drugs easy to accumulate, we should pay attention to blood, heart, eyes. Metronidazole metronidazole drug Ling, protozoa trichomonas anaerobes. Enteral and parenteral amoeba is the first choice for good results. Organophosphorus poisoning relief of organophosphorus poisoning symptoms three, central M-like skeletal muscle, rescue drugs should be appropriate, N-like symptoms, peripheral central atropine, early enough repeated use-which talent Make up such a good thing-- good stuff, take it. -- it's good.