Biological characteristics and cultivation and Management techniques of Zizania caduciflora

Zizania caduciflora is also known as Zizania caduciflora, or Zizania latifolia in ancient times. Originated in China, it is widely planted in shallow ditches and low-lying areas in the south of the Yangtze River, especially in Taihu Lake, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. The meat of Zizania caduciflora is neat, white and tender, with a lot of amino acids, delicious taste, rich nutrition, and can be cooked or fried. It is an excellent aquatic vegetable speciality in China. Because the harvest period is in May-June and early autumn September-October, it plays an important role in solving the off-season supply of vegetables. 1. Biological characteristics: 1. Morphological characteristics of Zizania caduciflora is a perennial aquatic root plant of Gramineae. The plant is 1.6-2 meters high and has 5-8 leaves, which are made up of leaves and leaf sheaths. There is a triangular leaf pillow at the junction of the leaf blade and the leaf sheath, which is called "Zizania caduciflora eye". The leaf sheaths clasped with each other from the ground up to the left and right to form a pseudostem. The stem can be divided into aboveground stem and underground stem, the aboveground stem is short and partially buried in the soil, and most tillers occur on it. The underground stem is a stolon, which overwinters in the soil, and its tip buds sprout new plants in the following spring, and the new plants can produce new tillers. Because the plant of Zizania caduciflora is parasitic with smut fungus, when bolting in early summer or autumn, the flower stem tissue on the main stem and the shortened stem of early tillering is stimulated by indole acetic acid, and the meristem cells proliferate at the basal 2-7 nodes and expand into a fat and tender fleshy stem (gall), that is, edible Zizania caduciflora. Male Zizania latifolia refers to a small number of plants with strong disease resistance, the hyphae of smut fungus can not invade and can not form Zizania caduciflora, and the flower stem elongates and bolts and blossoms in summer and autumn. Grey Zizania latifolia means that some plants are overripe or the mycelium grows rapidly, so that the interior of Zizania latifolia is full of dark-brown spores, resulting in poor quality and inedible. The bolting of male Zizania latifolia is higher than that of female Zizania latifolia, so it is easy to identify and should be pulled out by root in time, and the root plant should not be left in the soil. 2. The growth habits of Zizania caduciflora can be divided into two types: single season in autumn and double season in autumn and summer. Both of them were propagated separately. Zizania latifolia was planted from Qingming to Grain Rain in a single season in the Yangtze River Basin, and could be divided into spring and autumn in summer and autumn. It was planted before and after Grain Rain in spring and before and after the Beginning of Autumn in autumn. Zizania caduciflora can be divided into four stages: (1) the germination period begins in March and April after spring, and the lowest temperature is more than 5 ℃, and the suitable temperature is 10-20 ℃. (2) during the tillering stage from late April to the end of August, each plant could have more than 10-20 tillers and the optimum temperature was 20-30 ℃. (3) in the stage of pregnancy, there was one pregnancy in double seasons from the first ten days of June to the last ten days of June, and another from late August to late September. In a single season, Zizania latifolia is pregnant from late August to early September, and the optimum temperature is 15-25 ℃, which is lower than 10 ℃ or higher than 30 ℃. (4) in the stage of growth stagnation and dormancy, the tiller and aboveground growth stopped when the temperature was below 15 ℃, the aboveground died below 5 ℃, and the underground overwintered in the soil. 2. Classification of varieties: Zizania caduciflora is divided into single season and double season. The main results are as follows: 1. Zizania latifolia is cultivated in spring and can be harvested in autumn of that year, and then harvested once every year from early September to November, which is called Zizania latifolia in autumn or August. Once planted, it can be harvested continuously for 2-3 years, and then renewed and planted. The plant growth is exuberant, the stolon enters the soil deeply, the drought resistance, the yield is low. Such as Hangzhou ivory Zizania latifolia, a little red, green Zizania latifolia, really late Zizania latifolia, matchmaker Zizania latifolia, Wenzhou late Zizania latifolia, Guangzhou Damiao, Wuhan kenaf shell, etc. The main results are as follows: (1) kenaf shell Zizania latifolia shell turquoise, lower muscles and veins have light erythema, hence the name. Zizania caduciflora fat, 30 cm long, 4.5 cm horizontal diameter, hammer-shaped, middle and lower parts stout, yellow-white, meat white, single weight 15 grams, fat and tender, good quality. (2) the tender stem of large seedling (hard-tailed Zizania caduciflora) is spindle-shaped, 17 cm long, 6 cm in transverse diameter, 3-4 nodes and 15-20 grams in weight. Heat-resistant and fertilizer-resistant, the meat is white and the part of Zizania latifolia is high. The quality is good, with a yield of 1250-1500 kg per mu and harvested in Guangzhou from September to November. 2. Double seasons of Zizania latifolia in autumn are generally planted in spring or summer and autumn. In that year, the first harvest from the Autumn Equinox to Frosts Descent was called autumn Zizania latifolia, with a yield of 750kg to 1000 kg per mu. The old plants stayed in the field for the winter, and the regenerated Zizania latifolia seedlings were harvested for the second time from the Summer Solstice to Lesser Heat the following year. The yield per mu was 1500-1750 kg. After harvest, the yield was relatively low and replanted after harvest. Early-maturing varieties are Wuxi early Zizania latifolia, intermediary Zizania latifolia, Yan Jiao, Suzhou Xiaolatai, Zhonglatai, Hangzhou ant silkworm Zizania latifolia, semi-large silkworm Zizania latifolia, nuclear silkworm Zizania latifolia and so on. The main results are as follows: (1) Wuxi Yan Zizania latifolia has exuberant tillers, late maturity, enlarged bamboo shoots, the best quality, high yield, many verrucous wrinkles on the surface of the flesh stem, white color, 750-1000 kg per mu in autumn and 1250-1500 kg in summer. (2) the semi-large bamboo shoots of Zizania latifolia are made from 3-4 nodes, with a length of 17.5-24 cm, a transverse stem of 3 cm, a weight of about 57 grams, a light green surface, pure white meat and good quality. The yield per mu is 350,400kg in autumn and 1250-1500 kg in summer. (3) the bamboo shoot meat of Zizania caduciflora in Suzhou Xiaowatai is short and round, the node is protruding into a plate, shaped like a wax table, top, thin at both ends, thick and round in the middle, strong meat, sweet taste, less fiber, and a single Zizania latifolia weighs 30 grams. The quality is the best among the medium-mature varieties. Yield 600kg per mu of Zizania latifolia and 1250-1500 kg of Xialing. Third, soil farming: seedling fields choose to avoid the wind and the sun to facilitate drainage and irrigation, soil sparse and fertile fields or low-lying river ditches. From mid-late December to mid-January (the Winter Solstice to Lesser Cold), the selected Zizania caduciflora pier was dug up and planted in the seedling field at a distance of 50 × 16 cm, and the planting depth was exactly in line with the soil surface. After pseudo-planting, 1000 kg of human dung per mu is applied as base fertilizer, and a layer of shallow water is irrigated. When there is a cold current, it is appropriate to deepen the water layer. When it is cold, rice straw is 6-10 cm thick on the pier to keep warm. After the Beginning of Spring, 1000-1500 kg of human dung per mu is applied as strong seedling fertilizer, and the water depth is often maintained at 3-6 cm. The proportion of male Zizania latifolia can be reduced and then planted separately by removing the particularly prosperous seedlings before transplanting in the middle of April. Zizania latifolia field should choose clay loam with fertile soil and sufficient water source, ploughing more than 33 cm in winter, combined with ploughing and applying 5000-10000 kg of river mud. The following year, when preparing the land, apply green manure or barnyard manure 3500-4000 kg or human dung 3000-4000 kg as base fertilizer, mash and rake flat, make mud rotten, fat and flat, and lay solid field stalks to strictly prevent water leakage and fertilizer leakage. After a few days of exposure, irrigate about 3 centimeters of shallow water in preparation for planting. 4. Sowing: pier selection should be carried out 6-7 days before autumn harvest, the seed pier should conform to the characteristics of the original variety, the plant is short, the growth potential is not too strong, and the height of each leaf is not much different, but the last 1-2 heart leaves are significantly shortened, such as the leaves and Zizania caduciflora eyes are tightened together. When Zizania caduciflora bamboo shoots are hypertrophic, one side of the pseudostem is white, the tillers are exuberant and neat, and the node position is low without scattered stolons. The mother plant connected with the stolon must be pregnant early, give it more than 20, mature and mature at the same time. Zizania caduciflora with plump buds, fat and tender flesh, and no male or gray Zizania latifolia in the whole pier were selected as good marks during harvest. Fifth, cultivation and management: Zizania caduciflora is planted in spring and autumn. No matter the late-maturing species of Zizania latifolia in single or double seasons, there are 3-4 true leaves in the Yangtze River basin during April-May when the mother pier sprouts 33-40 cm high (single-season Zizania latifolia in South China is planted in June-July and double-season Zizania latifolia in July-August). Dig up the Zizania caduciflora pier and split it into several small piers along the tillers with 4-6 stolons and strong tillers per pier. Cut off the leaves and retain the leaf sheath length of 16-26 cm to reduce evaporation to facilitate early survival. The plant row spacing depends on the planting period, the number of seedlings divided into piers and the times of harvest. Zizania latifolia is planted in large and small rows as walkways, with row spacing of 1 meter, small rows of 80 centimeters, hole spacing of 50-66 centimeters, 1200-1500 holes per mu and 7-8 seedlings per hole. For those densely planted with small plants, the row spacing is 73 × 40 cm, 2300 piers per mu, the planting method is oblique at an angle of 45 degrees, the depth is buried at the base of the rhizome and tillers, and the tiller buds are slightly exposed to the surface of the water for 3-4 days. Check once, the seedlings that are too deep should be slightly raised to make them shallower, and the seedlings that are too shallow should be pressed down to make them deeper, and do a good job of replenishing seedlings to ensure the whole seedlings. Autumn planting: Laodun was dug up after the sprouting of the Beginning of Spring. Each pier was cut into 8-10 and planted in lotus root fields or fertile mud fields to raise seedlings, often keeping a water depth of 3 cm. There were more than 10 tillers in each hole from July to August. Each hole can be divided into three small piers, that is, the seedlings planted in the production field. General planting row spacing is 46 cm, hole spacing 27-33 cm, mu planting 4000 piers, such an old pier can be divided into dozens of piers to produce seedlings. As the successor of early rice, the planting should be completed before and after the Beginning of Autumn, and must not be as late as the middle of August, otherwise effective tillering can not occur. When the temperature is high during the planting period, we should dig up the pier seedlings on a cloudy day, split the tillers, peel off 2-4 old leaf sheaths at the base, expose tiller nodes and tiller buds, so as to contact the soil, promote rooting, and cut off the upper leaves. The cultivated field can loosen the soil, accelerate the decomposition of fertilizer, remove weeds, cut off the old roots and promote the occurrence of new roots. After the new Zizania caduciflora field was planted and survived or the old Zizania caduciflora field began to sprout in spring, until the closure of Lesser Fullness of Grain, the field was cultivated every 15 days or so for a total of 2-3 times. When you cultivate the field, first put the water shallow, turn it twice with an iron rake, and then irrigate the field until the topsoil is cracked. During the pregnant Zizania latifolia stage from July to August, we should keep one Zizania latifolia every 10 cm square, remove too many weak subdivided tillers, peel the yellow leaves 2-3 times in early August, step into the soil as fertilizer, and press a piece of mud in the middle of the Zizania caduciflora pier to make the plant open around the Zizania caduciflora pier to facilitate ventilation and reduce diseases. 6. fertilizer and water management: Zizania caduciflora has a long growing period, more tillers and a large amount of fertilizer absorption, and it must be harvested many times at one time, with equal emphasis on base fertilizer and topdressing for a total of 4-5 times, mastering the principle of "promoting-controlling-promoting". Apply seedling fertilizer 7-10 days after planting, 500-1000 kg per mu of human manure water, in order to promote seedling growth, 1000-1500 kg of manure water or 10-15 kg urea per mu after half a month, and then stop fertilizing. In order to avoid overgrowth, the tillers of Zizania latifolia entered the tillering stage from late July to early September (Greater Heat to early September), that is, the pseudostem was flattened, and when the bamboo shoots began to fatten, 3000-4000 kg of human manure or 5000 kg of pig manure and 20-25 kg of urea were applied per mu to promote the hypertrophy of Zizania latifolia shoots and increase the yield of Zizania latifolia in autumn. The water level of Zizania caduciflora field is flexibly controlled according to the growth and development characteristics of Zizania caduciflora, according to the principle of "shallow-deep-shallow". Irrigation of 3 cm shallow water before sprouting to increase soil temperature, promote germination, promote survival after planting, maintain water depth of 5-8 cm, and promote tillering and rooting before tillering, deepen to 10-14 cm in the later stage of tillering and control ineffective tillering. During the high temperature period from July to August, the water depth should be kept at 13-17 cm, and the water should be changed frequently to reduce the harm of diseases and insect pests. During the gestation period to 6-7 days before harvest, the fetal water should be irrigated according to the growth of the main stem. It began to keep about 16.5 cm, and then gradually deepened to 23-27 cm, so that the whole Zizania caduciflora was immersed in water, but not more than the "Zizania caduciflora eye". In this way, Zizania caduciflora is softened in water, white, fat and tender, and the quality is improved. Zizania latifolia is gradually irrigated in shallow water to 3-7 cm in the later stage of pregnancy. After autumn harvest, keep the shallow water 1.5-3 cm to prevent the roots from being frozen and rot, so that you can survive the winter safely. Attention should be paid to drainage in the rainy season, and the highest water level should not exceed the "Zizania caduciflora eye" to prevent the bolting tube from elongating. A few days before and after each topdressing, it is necessary to dry or keep the shallow water, and then return to the original water level after the fertilizer is absorbed into the soil. 7. Pest control: there are Chilo suppressalis, Chilo suppressalis and long green planthopper during pregnancy. In the young stage of pests, 50% fenitrothion EC 100g plus 75-100kg water per mu or 1000 times solution of 90% trichlorfon and 40% dimethoate are used to infuse the heart one by one after stripping the old leaves. After the Beginning of Autumn, aphids, leafhoppers and thrips can be sprayed with 1000 times dimethoate emulsion and 10% leafy cicada powder and 50-75 kg of water. Zizania latifolia rust can be sprayed with 800-fold diphacinone sodium. Eighth, harvest: timely harvest is the key to ensure output and quality, strictly grasp the maturity. The heart leaves are shortened, the three outer leaves are even, the Zizania caduciflora is significantly hypertrophic, the leaf sheath is split, and it is suitable for harvesting Zizania latifolia White Dew Bai Bai at 1 cm. The meat of Zizania latifolia developed too late, the texture was rough, the quality decreased, and the yield was low. When picking, break from the lower internodes of Zizania latifolia, pay attention not to hurt the adjacent immature Zizania latifolia and roots, so as not to affect the production of the same year and the following year. The yield of Zizania latifolia is 1000-1500 kg per mu (meat is about 70% of that of Zizania latifolia). In the early stage, it should be harvested every four days and uprooted at the time of harvest. Cut bolting tube, cut leaves, leaving 33 cm long with leaves. Zizania caduciflora had better be fresh and sold. If you want to ship it out, you can put it in a shady place with a shell and soak it in water, or peel it out. Every 20-30 sticks, soak it in 1-2% alum, which can be stored for about a week.