High-quality and high-yield cultivation techniques of Chinese chive

Variety selection: 1. Fine-leaf leek: precocious, about 280 days from sowing to harvest, strong tillering ability, heat resistance, drought resistance, rain resistance, cold resistance, wind resistance, disease and insect resistance. Soften leek yellow faster, bolting early, June can harvest flower stem (leek flower), the quality is soft, the yield is low. 2. Big-leaf leek (Fujian leek): late ripening, about 360 days from sowing to harvest, medium tillering, cold resistance, rain resistance and strong insect resistance. The bolting is relatively late, and the leek is harvested from June to August with crisp quality and high yield. it is an ideal variety for the production of green leek and leek. 2. Sowing and raising seedlings: soak the new seeds in 35 ℃ warm water for one day, pick up the seeds and wash them with clean water, accelerate germination under the condition of 15-20 ℃, and sow them in 2-3 days. Choose semi-muddy sandy soil for nursery land. Fine soil preparation, flat broken soil, sufficient basic fertilizer, 150-250 kg per mu of rotten pig shit ash, flat seedling land mixed with soil, sown, covered with a layer of plant ash, thin straw, and evenly watered. After sowing, do not water before emergence, the seedlings are about 15 cm high, water once a day, keep the soil moist and remove weeds in time. The seed consumption per mu is 2.5kg to 3.5kg, and it is suitable to sow seeds in January (from "Lesser Cold" to "Greater Cold"). When the seedling reaches 2 leaves, it is necessary to apply rotten human manure once, and to 3. 5-4 leaves, topdressing twice, applying urea 2.5-3.5kg and potassium chloride 2.5kg per mu, or sprinkling 2500 kg pig manure and 2000 kg rotten chicken manure. The seedling period is generally 90-100 days or 110 days, when the stem (stem) of leek is as thick as chopsticks, it can be transplanted. Third, apply sufficient base fertilizer: leek has strong fertility tolerance, so it is suitable to choose deep and fertile clay soil or semi-muddy sandy loam soil for planting. Field planting border width 2.1cm, ditch width 40cm, ditch bottom 30cm, border height 30cm, before planting, turning soil deeply, leveling and fine crushing, applying sufficient base fertilizer, base fertilizer is mainly barnyard manure with long effect of organic matter, 3000 kg of barnyard manure per mu, 1500 kg of pig manure or garbage fertilizer, 50 kg of phosphate fertilizer, 30 kg of potassium chloride, or 40 kg of compound fertilizer. After leveling the border soil and fertilizer evenly, ditch or hole planting. Fourth, timely planting: the best transplanting period of leek is from mid-late February to early March. The seedling is as high as 20-25 cm, the stem is as thick as chopsticks, the leaves are thick, hard and straight, the leaves are green, and it is suitable for plants without diseases and insect pests. Two days before transplanting, the seedling bed was watered, the 10 cm long root system was retained, and the remaining fibrous root and part of the leaf tip were cut off. The stem and plant of Chinese chive "trigeminal mouth" should be aligned first, and the transplanting depth should be flush with the border surface, not too deep or shallow, but 5-6 cm deep. 6-8 seedlings per hole should be supported by border soil, and the row spacing of 20 cm × 35 cm should be used to plant seedlings. Fifth, water and fertilizer management: leek is a semi-wet vegetable, strict requirements for soil moisture, the whole growing period can not be short of water, to keep the soil moist. After planting, a layer of straw is spread between the rows to keep heat, moisturize and insulate, and prevent the growth of weeds. Drench the roots with water after planting, and then sprinkle with thin water once every morning and evening. After survival, control the water to slow the seedlings and squat seedlings. When the weather is dry, you should water it frequently and plough and loosen the soil. In general, new roots can be sent out in 5 days. At this time, a thin fertilizer can be applied once, 1000-1250 kg of human feces and urine per mu, or 3.5-4 kg of urea, 2-2.5 kg of potassium chloride and 400 kg of water to facilitate strong seedlings. In the early stage, the seedlings were topdressing 2.3 times, mainly with available nitrogen fertilizer, combined with phosphorus fertilizer to promote green leaves and stiff stems. Before the middle stage of growth, topdressing 2-3 times, sprinkling urea 8-10 kg per mu, mixing potassium chloride or potassium sulfate 6-8 kg, or compound fertilizer 25-30 kg, sprinkling thin spray once after application to promote fertilizer decomposition and absorption. Or urea 8 kg, compound fertilizer 30 kg and water 750-800 kg. When the temperature is high and the growth is not good, you can fertilize 1 Mel twice, apply 750 Mel 1000 kg of rotten pig manure ash or 200 Mel 250 kg of plant ash, or 40 Mel 50 kg of compound fertilizer to promote the hypertrophy of the middle piece and the stout stem (stem). The mixed or humus soil was applied once more, and the soil was cultivated and ploughed twice to promote its root system and stem to grow thicker. During the whole growing period, the soil remains dry, dry and wet, and watering can be combined with topdressing. Should not drench too much water, should depend on the weather conditions, too much fat and water, will make the plant greedy young people grow inverted, susceptible to disease. Sixth, cut leeks and urge leeks: plant leeks in spring that year, and harvest leeks only once at the end of the year. If there is no interplanting, enough fat and water can be harvested twice. The second year is the high-yielding period, mainly harvesting leeks and chives flowers, and also harvesting chives throughout the year. After each cut, leeks are ploughed and loosened, fertilized and cultivated. In general, leeks are harvested once every 70 days in winter. The chopsticks of vegetable stems (stalks) are thick and can be cut to make "chives". The leeks should be harvested once every 40 days in spring, and the strong tail fertilizer should be re-applied 6 days before harvest, applying 7.5ml urea / mu, 5kg potassium chloride 5kg / mu, and sprinkling them with water. It takes 12 days to bake chives in spring, 8 days in summer and 18 days in winter. Chives soften mainly by using the stored nutrients in the rhizome to make leeks grow yellow-white and soft leaves without chlorophyll under the condition of dark shading. In Guangzhou, Foshan, Jiangmen, Huizhou and other places to soften leek, there are generally the following methods: 1, tile tube softening method: with a special cylindrical tile tube, the mouth of the tube is small and large, 30 cm high, the diameter of the cylinder is 15 cm, and there is a cover on it, which can be used as shading and opened at night to facilitate ventilation and cooling. Cutting chives is mostly carried out in the evening, and the leeks are generally cut across the border. Then cover the leek head with a leek yellow tile tube and apply mud to seal the tube to keep it sealed. After covering the tube, keep the soil moist, do not drench too much water, do not fertilize, let it bake yellow, the soil should be dry and wet. The lid of the tube was opened the night before the leek yellow, and the tile tube was opened before dawn to cut the leek yellow. Pay attention to soften the leek and collect the leek, not continuously soften (bake) the leek, so that the plant is weak and the yield is low. 2. Black film softening method: after the leek is harvested, the soil can be loosened and manure can be applied when young seedlings are grown, and soil can be cultivated, compost or waste mud can be applied. After the leek is cut, bamboo slices are inserted into an arched bow with a height of 40,000,000 centimeters, then the whole row of border land is covered with black film, and the two sides of the border are pressed with mud, leaving it for ventilation and reducing humidity. Due to the poor air permeability and high humidity of the black film cover, the growth of leek is weak, especially in summer, it is easy to cause leek rot and low yield. 3, bitumen paper cover softening method: after cutting leek, use bamboo poles and wood strips to build a wood frame with a height of 40ml and 45cm, then cover it with asphalt and low seal darkness, which can keep the darkness without light leakage, and set up vents to vent, cool and drain moisture, leek yellow growth is more prosperous, spring, summer, autumn and winter are suitable, the yield of leek yellow is high. After harvesting the leek, when the leek grows new leaves, it can loosen the soil once and topdressing it twice to promote its normal growth, and then fertilize and water the leek according to the above-mentioned method after 10 ~ 12 days. Grow green and yellow in winter, cut leeks in 60 days at 50ml, and then bake chives according to the above method. Generally, after 3 years of planting, the leek should be replanted in order to maintain high yield. Seventh, pest control: leek growth period has Fusarium wilt, gray mold, rust, blight, the disease caused rotten roots and dead seedlings. Fusarium wilt, gray mold and rust can be treated with 50% Sukeling wettable powder 1000 ~ 1500 times, or 50% prohydantoin wettable powder 1500 times, or 70% carbendazim wettable powder and 50% methyl thiophanate wettable powder, 70% mancozeb wettable powder in the early morning of the disease. Once it is found that Botrytis cinerea should clear the waterlogging, reduce the soil moisture, so that the leaf surface does not form dew, and sprinkle plant ash or ploughing soil to reduce humidity and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Spraying and controlling the epidemic disease at the initial stage of the disease, 25% metalaxyl wettable powder 500ml 800 times liquid, or 58% Ruidu manganese zinc wettable powder 500 times liquid, or 64% poisonous alum wettable powder 500ml 800 times liquid spray leaf or root irrigation, has a certain control effect.