Pollution-free cultivation techniques of cauliflower

First, the selection of varieties. Varieties with strong stress resistance, wide adaptability and good commerciality are selected. Dutch spring early, Swiss snowball, Xuefeng and other varieties were selected for cultivation in spring, while Baifeng, Japanese Snow Mountain and Dutch Snowball were selected for autumn cultivation. Second, cultivate strong seedlings: 1. Seedling raising methods: according to the cultivation season and mode, seedlings can be raised in sunny beds, plastic arch sheds, solar greenhouses and open fields. Open-field seedlings should be rain-proof, insect-proof, sunshade and other facilities. 2. Seed consumption: 50ml 100kg per mu. 3. Seed treatment: soak the seeds in 50 ℃ warm water for 20 minutes, then keep stirring, then soak the seeds at room temperature for 4 hours, or mix the seeds with 50% thiram wettable powder. 4. Sprouting: remove and wash the soaked seeds, air-dry and wrap them with a wet cloth, put them under the condition of 20 ℃ and 25 min, rinse with clean water once a day, and sow when 60% of the seeds sprout. 5. Preparation of seedling bed: (1) preparation of bed soil. Select fertile garden soil that has not planted cruciferous vegetables in the past 3 years and fully mature sieve ring manure to mix evenly at 2:1, adding 1 kg of ternary compound fertilizer per cubic meter. Spread the bed soil into the seedbed with a thickness of 10ml / 12cm. (2) disinfection of bed soil. Mix 50% carbendazim wettable powder with 50% Thiram wettable powder at 1:1, or 25% metalaxyl wettable powder with 70% mancozeb wettable powder at 9:1, 8 ml 10 g per cubic meter, mixed with 4 Mel 5 kg sifted fine soil, 2 jump 3 on the bed when sowing, and the remaining 1 stroke 3 on the seed. Third, sow seeds. The plastic arch shed in early spring is in the middle and late November, the spring stubble in the open field is from late December to early January, the autumn stubble in the open field is in the middle and last ten days of June, and the autumn is postponed in the first and middle of July. Pour enough bottom water, after water infiltration, cover with a layer of fine soil (or medicinal soil), spread the seeds evenly on the bed, cover fine soil (medicinal soil) 0.6 mol 0.8 cm. Dry seeds can also be used to raise seedlings in open field in summer and autumn. 4. Seedling stage management: 1. Temperature management: from sowing to Qi seedling, the suitable daily temperature (℃) is 20 ℃, and the night temperature is 15 ℃; the suitable day temperature from Qi seedling to split seedling is 16-20 ℃, and the night temperature is 8 12 ℃; from seedling division to slow seedling, the day temperature is 18-22 ℃, and the night temperature is 12 ℃; the suitable daily temperature is 1518 ℃ for 10 days before planting, and the night temperature is 6 ℃. From 10 days before planting to 10 days before planting, the suitable daily temperature was 5-8 ℃, and the suitable night temperature was 4 ℃. 2. Interseedling: before seedling division, the seedling distance is 2 cm. The diseased seedling, seedling and miscellaneous seedling are removed, and the soil is covered once after seedling. 3. Seedling division: seedlings with 3 leaves and 1 heart are divided into seedlings, ditches are made on the seedling bed according to 10 cm row spacing, seedlings are planted in water or are directly divided into 10 cm × 10 cm nutrition bowls, slow seedlings are hoed for 3 times, the bed soil is not dry and not watered, watering is appropriate, water is thoroughly watered 7 days before planting, seedlings are hoarded 2 days later, and low temperature seedling refinement is carried out. If the temperature is too high in summer and autumn, watering and shading can be taken to reduce the temperature; it is necessary to prevent the bed soil from being too dry, at the same time, to prevent the rainstorm from scouring the seedling bed and discharge the stagnant water from the seedling bed in time. After the seedling should be properly shaded, there are conditions can be buckled nylon net to prevent insects. 4. The standard of strong seedling: the plant is strong, the plant height is 12 cm, 6 Mel 7 leaves, the leaves are thick, the root system is well developed, and there are no diseases and insect pests. 5. Preparation before planting: 1. Soil preparation and fertilization: the previous crop is non-cruciferous vegetables. Flat beds are used for open field cultivation, and semi-high beds can also be used for protected land. Fertilization combined with soil preparation, per mu application of high-quality mature barnyard manure 5000 kg, urea 9 kg, calcium superphosphate 75 kg, potassium sulfate 12 kg. 2. Anti-insect disinfection in the shed. (1) set up an anti-insect net to prevent insects. The vents in the shed are sealed with 20 Mel 30 mesh nylon screen to prevent aphids from moving in. (2) laying aphid repellent film. Covered with silver gray plastic film to ward off aphids. (3) Anti-disinfection in shed. Add 0.25kg of 80% dichlorvos EC to 2ml of sulfur powder per mu, mix with sawdust, ignite in piles, seal for 24 hours, release air to the greenhouse and become odorless. 6. Planting: 1. Planting period: early spring plastic arch shed from mid-late February to early March, open-field spring stubble from late March to early April, open-field autumn stubble from late July to early August, autumn delayed planting in mid-late August. 2. Methods: ditching or digging holes according to the distance between rows and plants, planting seedlings in water, or watering after soil cultivation. 3. Density: there are 2700mur4000 early-maturing species per mu with a row spacing of 50mur60 × 33mur40cm, while those of middle and late maturing species are 1500,2700 with a row spacing of 60MUE 70 × 40MUE 60 cm. 7. Post-planting management: 1. Early growth stage (slow seedling to rosette stage): slow seedling water was irrigated for 5 days after planting, and then combined with middle tillage and soil cultivation for 3 times. Keeping the soil dry and wet, squatting seedlings after watering twice, squatting seedlings for early and medium-mature seeds for 10 days, and late-maturing species for 10 days. After the end of squatting seedlings, combined with watering, topdressing urea 3 kg per mu. The optimum temperature of the greenhouse is 15 ℃ and 20 min. 2. In the middle and later stages of growth (the period of flower head formation): watering is the principle of keeping the soil moist. When the rosette diameter is 3ml / 4cm, combined with watering, topdressing urea 6 kg per mu can increase the topdressing of the middle and late maturity varieties by one time. When the bouquet diameter is 8 mi 10 cm, the flower should be covered with folded leaves or folded leaves to keep the bouquet white. The suitable temperature of the shed is 15 ℃ and 20 min. The cultivation after autumn should be covered with plastic film or pseudo-planting in time according to the change of weather. 8. Disease and pest control. The use of all kinds of pesticides should strictly abide by the safety interval. 1. Physical control: yellow board can be used to trap and kill aphids and whitefly, 60 × 20 cm rectangular cardboard, coated with yellow paint, and then coated with a layer of engine oil, hanging in the use room, hanging 40 pieces per mu. When the yellow board is covered with aphids, whitefly and other pests, apply a layer of engine oil; you can also hang silver-gray plastic film strips to ward off aphids. 2. Chemical control of diseases: dust and smoking methods are preferred in protected areas, and spray control can also be used in dry and sunny weather. Attention should be paid to rotation and reasonable mixed use. (1) downy mildew. Use 45% chlorothalonil 180 grams per mu, fumigated in the evening, fumigated once every 7 days, fumigated for 4 times; after discovering the central diseased plant, use 40% aluminum triethylphosphonate wettable powder 150ml 200 times solution, or 72.% chloramphenicol (Prik) water agent 600ml 800 times liquid, or 75% chlorothalonil lethal powder 500 times liquid spray, alternately, alternate use, 7ml once every 10 days, even spraying 2ml 3 times. (2) black spot. At the initial stage of the disease, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500 Mel 600 times, or 50% iso-carbamide wettable powder 1500 times, 7 Mel once every 10 days, 2 Mel 3 times in a row. (3) black rot. At the initial stage of the disease, 14% ammonia copper solution was used, or 77% copper hydroxide wettable powder 1500 times solution, or 72% agricultural streptomycin sulfate soluble powder 4000 times solution, 7ml once every 10 days, spraying 2ml 3 times in a row. (4) Gray mold. At the initial stage of the disease, 10% of Sukeling smoke was sprayed with 200ml 250g per mu, or 6.5% of metoprolol ultra-fine dust or 5% of Garinon dust, 1kg per mu; after the onset of the disease, 2000 times of 50% Sukeling wettable powder, or 50% isobarbazide wettable powder 1000MUR 1500 times, or 40% polysulfide suspension 600x spray, spray once every 7 seconds for 3 times in a row. (5) black shank. At the initial stage of the disease, 60% of Dofu wettable powder 600 times liquid, or 40% polysulfide suspension 500 times liquid, or 70% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times liquid spray, spray once every 9 days, spray 1 color twice in succession. (6) bacterial black spot. Black rot can be seen in the method of medication. 3. Chemical control of insect pests: (1) Laiqing insect. During the peak incubation period, the eggs were sprayed with BT emulsion 200x, or 5% Yitaibao EC 2500 times; before the 2nd instar, the larvae were sprayed with 2.5% cypermethrin EC 5000 times, or 10% cypermethrin EC 1000 times, or 40% phoxim EC 1000 times. (2) Plutella xylostella. During the peak incubation period, use 5% Regent suspension, 17 ml per mu, add 50 ml of water, or 5% Yitaibao EC 2000 times, or spray 1.8% avermectin EC 3000 times before the 2nd instar of larvae, or BT emulsion 3000 times. The above chemicals should be rotated and used alternately, and single pesticides should not be used continuously all the year round. (3) aphids. 50% anti-pirimicarb wettable powder 2000mur3000 times solution, or 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 1500 times solution, 6 Mel sprayed once every 7 days, 2 Mel 3 times in a row. The effect of adding appropriate amount of developing agent is better when taking medicine. (4) beet armyworm. During the peak incubation period, the eggs were sprayed with 5% Yitaibao EC 2500ml 3000 times, or the larvae were sprayed with 52.25% toxic chlorine EC 1000 times before the 3rd instar, and the medicine was used in the evening in sunny days and all day in cloudy days. 9. Harvest. The bouquet is fully grown and compact, the surface is smooth, and when the base flower branches are slightly loose, it is appropriate to harvest, and it can also be harvested in time according to market demand.