Reference materials of anti-coccidial drugs

Sulfachloropyrazine sodium Sulfachloropyrazine sodium [Description] White or light yellow powder, easily soluble in water [Pharmacology] Sulfacloropyrazine sodium is a sulfa anticoccidial drug, which is mostly used for short-term use during coccidial outbreaks. The peak activity of sulfacyanopyrazine against coccidia was the 2nd generation merozoites, and it also had some effect on the 1st generation merozoites. But not for sexual cycles. The anticoccidial mechanism of action of this product is the same as that of sulfaquinoxaline. This product is very similar to sulfamethoxazole in nature. After oral administration, it is rapidly absorbed in the digestive tract, and the blood concentration reaches the peak value within 3~4 hours, and is rapidly excreted through urine. [Uses](1) Poultry sulfacloropyrazine has similar characteristics to sulfaquinoxaline on poultry coccidiosis, and has stronger antibacterial effect, even can treat avian cholera and chicken typhoid fever, so it is most suitable for coccidiosis outbreak treatment. Sulfacloropyrazine did not affect host immunity to coccidiosis. (2)Other products are also effective against coccidiosis. When used, 600g sulfaclorazine sodium can be added per 1000kg feed for 5~10 days. For lamb coccidiosis, 1.2 mL of 3% solution per kg body weight can be taken orally for 3~5 days. [Note](1) Although the toxicity of this product is lower than that of sulfaquinoxaline, it will still cause symptoms of sulfanilamide poisoning after long-term application. Therefore, broilers can only use the recommended concentration for 3 days, and the maximum is not more than 5 days. (2)In view of the fact that sulfa drugs (such as SQ, SM2, etc.) have been applied in most farms in China for decades, coccidia may have developed resistance to sulfa drugs, even cross-resistance. Therefore, in case of poor efficacy, drugs should be replaced in time. (3)Laying hens and chickens over 16 weeks of age are prohibited. (4)Withdrawal period, turkey 4 days broiler 1 day. [Dosage and Administration] Sulfacloropyrazine Sodium Mixed Drink 0.3g per liter of poultry water for 3 days Sulfacloropyrazine Sodium Soluble Powder Mixed Drink 1g per liter of poultry water for 3 days [Preparation and Specification] Sulfacloropyrazine Sodium Soluble Powder 100g: 30g Sulfacloropyrazine Sodium Soluble Powder 100g: 10g Toltrazuril [Pharmacology](1) Pharmacodynamics Toltrazuril is a triazinone compound with broad-spectrum anticoccidial activity. Widely used in chicken coccidiosis. The anticoccidial mechanism of toltrazuril is still unclear. The action site of coccidia is very wide, and it has effect on two asexual cycles of coccidia, such as inhibiting mitosis, mitosis of microgametophyte and wall formation of microgametophyte. Because this product interferes with the nuclear division and mitochondria of coccidia, affects the respiratory and metabolic functions of coccidia, and can expand the endoplasmic reticulum and cause serious vacuolation, it has the effect of killing coccidia. (2)Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril orally administered to poultry, about 50% of the drug absorption, absorption of drugs mainly concentrated in the liver, kidney. But it is rapidly metabolized into sulfones. The half-life of the drug in chicks is approximately 2 days. However, recent data have confirmed that toltrazuril remains in the edible tissues of chickens for a long time, and residues can still be detected in breast muscles after 24 days of withdrawal. Therefore, the product has not been approved for marketing in the United States until the end of the 20th century. [Uses](1) Poultry toltrazuri is mainly used for poultry coccidiosis. This product has good inhibitory effect on chicken heap type, brucellosis, giant, tenella, poison, moderate Eimeria; Eimeria glandularis: Eimeria turkeys; Eimeria anserina and Eimeria truncata of geese. Oral administration of 7mg/kg once or drinking water at 25mg/kg concentration for 48 hours not only effectively prevented coccidiosis, but also did not affect the growth and development of chickens and the production of immunity to coccidiosis. (2)Lambs were given 20mg/kg of toltrazuril orally or 10 ~ 15 mg/kg of toltrazuril orally once, which could effectively control coccidiosis. (3)10 ~15mg/kg of the drug was very effective against hepatic coccidia and intestinal coccidia in rabbits. (4)The relevant information confirms that the withdrawal period for broilers should be 19 days. [Note](1) Continuous application is easy to cause coccidia to develop drug resistance, and even cross-resistance (diclazuli) exists. Therefore, continuous application should not exceed 6 months. (2)In order to prevent the dilution of the liquid medicine (the stability period of the imported product aqueous solution is not less than 48h), it is appropriate for the Chinese product to be prepared and used immediately. [Usage and Dosage] Mixed drink 25mg per 1L of drinking poultry [Preparation and strength] Toltrazuril solution (1) 100 mL: 2.5 g (2)1000mL: 25g (3)5000mL: 125g Diclazuril [Description] This product is an off-white or pale yellow powder; almost odorless. This product is slightly soluble in dimethylformamide, slightly soluble in tetrahydrofuran, almost insoluble in water and ethanol. [Pharmacology] Diclazuril belongs to triazine phenylacetonitrile, which is a new, highly effective and low toxic anti-coccidiosis drug widely used in chicken coccidiosis. The anticoccidial mechanism of diclazuril is not clear. The main peak period of action on coccidia varies with different species of coccidia, for example, the main point of action on Eimeria tenella is in the sexual cycle of the second generation of merozoites. However, it was ineffective against merozoites of Eimeria brucei and Eimeria maxima. It is highly effective against Eimeria maxima at zygote stage and Eimeria brucei at microgametophyte stage. Dikeqiu also inhibited sporulation oocyst formation. [Usage](1) Dikezuli has excellent effect on chicken tenella, heap type, poison, brucellosis and Eimeria maxima. Besides effectively controlling the occurrence and death of cecal coccidia, it can even make all coccidia oocysts disappear. It is an ideal coccidiocide. Diclazuril is also highly effective against Eimeria milder. According to clinical trials, diclazuril has better control effect on coccidiosis than other conventional anticoccidiosis drugs and monensin plasma carrier anticoccidiosis drugs. It was also proved that diclazuril was still effective against Eimeria tenella resistant to fluoropurine (Arprinocid), chlorpyridine, halofuginone, oxybenidine and monensin. 1 mg/kg feed concentration can effectively control coccidiosis in ducks, and its effect even exceeds polyether antibiotics. Dikeqiu Li 1 mg/kg feed concentration can effectively control Eimeria glandularis, Eimeria turkeys, Eimeria peacock and Eimeria dispersa infection. (2)Rabbits fed with 1 mg/kg of the drug had high activity against liver coccidia and intestinal coccidia. [Note](1) Since this product is easy to cause coccidia resistance, even cross-resistance (toltrazuril), it should not be used for more than 6 months. It is also not advisable to use similar drugs such as toltrazuli when using drugs in rotation. (2)This product has a short action time, and the effect basically disappears after one day of withdrawal. Therefore, broilers must be continuously administered to prevent re-outbreak. (3)Due to the extremely low drug concentration, the allowable variation value of the drug is 0.8~1.2mg/kg, otherwise the efficacy will be affected. Therefore, the ingredients must be thoroughly mixed. (4)The stability period of diclazuril solution in drinking water is only 4 hours in China. Therefore, it must be prepared immediately, otherwise it will affect the curative effect. (5)Withdrawal period: 5 days for broilers. [Usage and Dosage] Mixed feeding 1g diclazuli solution mixed drinking 1L drinking poultry 0.5~ 1mg (active ingredient)[Preparation and strength] diclazuli premix (1)lOOg: 0.2g (2)100: 0.5g diclazuli solution (1)lOmL: 0.05g (2) 20mL: 0.1g (3) 50mL: 0.25g Chlorphenidine Hydrochloride Chlorphenidine Hydrochloride [Properties] White or light yellow crystalline powder, odorless, bitter taste; light color gradually dark. Slightly soluble in ethanol, very slightly soluble in chloroform, practically insoluble in water and ether, slightly soluble in glacial acetic acid. [Pharmacology] Chlorphenguanidine is a guanidinium derivative. Has been widely used in poultry, rabbit coccidiosis control. The anticoccidial mechanism of chlorphenidine is to affect ATP and interfere with protein metabolism of coccidia. The peak period of action of chlorphenidine on coccidia was mainly in the first generation merozoite stage, and it could prevent merozoites from forming merozoites. In addition, some people confirmed that it also inhibited the development of the second generation merozoites and even inhibited the development of oocysts. [Uses](1) Poultry chlorphenidine has been widely used as an anticoccidial drug for chickens in China. The feed concentration of 60mg/kg has good control effect on the single or mixed infection of tenella, poison, Brucella, giant, heap type and moderate precocious Eimeria. The effect on toxic, mild Eimeria was similar to that of chlorpyridine (125mg/kg). The preventive effect on tenella, heaps, giant and Eimeria brucei was better than that of chlorpyridine. According to experiments, low drug concentration (30mg/kg) fed to chickens did not affect the host immunity to coccidia, but affected the anti-coccidia effect. Therefore, 60mg/kg is still suitable for acute coccidiosis outbreak. (2)In addition to the effect of chlorphenidine on Eimeria enterica, it has good control effect on most of Eimeria enterica (such as Eimeria intermedia and Eimeria non-remnant). [Note](1) Due to the long-term continuous use of chlorphenidine has caused serious coccidia resistance, most poultry farms have been out of service for more than ten years. It is suggested that chlorphenidine should be used rationally again, which may have better anticoccidial effect. (2)Feeding chickens at high feed concentration (60mg/kg) can cause offensive odors in chicken, chicken liver and even eggs, but low feed concentration (30mg/kg) does not cause the above phenomenon. For acute outbreak coccidiosis, high concentration of coccidiosis should be used first, and then low concentration should be maintained after 1~3 weeks. (3)Some coccidiosis can survive for up to 14 days when chlorphenidine is used, so premature withdrawal often leads to recurrence of coccidiosis. (4)Laying hens are forbidden. (5)The withdrawal period was 5 days for poultry and 7 days for rabbits. [Administration and Dosage] Oral administration once 10~15mg per kg of poultry and rabbits Chlorphenidine hydrochloride premix mixed feed 30~60g per 1 000kg of feed poultry (active ingredient) Rabbit 100~150g(active ingredient)[Preparation and strength] Chlorphenidine hydrochloride tablets 10 mg Chlorphenidine hydrochloride premix (1)100g: 10g (2)500g: 50g Halofuginone Hydrobromide Halofuginone Hydrobromide is a quinazolone substance obtained from the plant Dichroa fabrifuga. [Description] White or light gray crystalline powder. [Pharmacology] Halofuginone is a new broad-spectrum anticoccidial drug. has the advantages of small dosage, no cross resistance and the like. Chlorofuginone has obvious inhibitory effect on sporozoites, first generation merozoites and second generation merozoites of coccidia, so that early lesions do not continue to develop, so that the intestinal tract maintains normal absorption function, thus playing a good role in ensuring animal weight gain. The mechanism of anticoccidial action of halofuginone is still unclear. After oral administration and absorption, halofuginone labeled with 14C is rapidly metabolized and excreted by feces. [Usage] Chlorofuginone has an inhibitory effect on a variety of coccidia, especially on chicken tenella, poison, Eimeria maxima, even 1~2mg/kg feed concentration is effective. The recommended concentration of 3mg/kg is necessary to prevent oocyst excretion for E. brucei, E. parviflora, E. glandularis and E. peacock in turkeys. Chlorofuginone is still effective against coccidia resistant to chloropyridine and quinoline. In foreign countries, halofuginone is also used for cattle Theileria and sheep, goat Theileria infection. [Note](1) The safety range of halofuginone is narrow, and the therapeutic concentration (3mg/kg) is safe for chickens, turkeys, rabbits, etc., but it can inhibit the growth rate of waterfowl (geese, ducks). Guinea fowl is the most sensitive and vulnerable to poisoning death. As fish and aquatic organisms are extremely sensitive to this product, do not contaminate water sources by feeding chicken manure and filling pesticide containers. (2)Recently, it has been confirmed that Changshansi inhibits the synthesis of type I collagen cells in poultry and mammals, resulting in skin tears in medicated poultry. Therapeutic concentrations can affect the weight gain rate of healthy chicks, accelerate blood coagulation in turkeys, and affect the immunity of turkeys to coccidiosis. (3)6mg/kg feed concentration affected palatability and reduced feed intake of sick chickens, 9mg/kg feed concentration caused most chickens to refuse to feed. Therefore, the ingredients must be thoroughly mixed. The uniformity is required to be between 2.1 and 3.9 mg/kg, otherwise the efficacy will be affected. (4)Due to continuous application, most chicken farms in China have appeared serious coccidiosis resistance phenomenon. (5)It is forbidden to combine with other anticoccidiosis drugs. (6)12 Turkeys over 8 weeks of age, chickens over 8 weeks of age, laying hens and waterfowl are prohibited. (7)Withdrawal period: 5 days for broilers and 7 days for turkeys. [Usage and Dosage] Mixed feeding per 1000kg feed birds 3g [Preparation and Specification] Halofuginone Hydrobromide premix 1000g: 6g---------------------