Organic fertilizer production

I. comparison of the characteristics of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer

1. It contains organic matter and can improve soil, which can only provide mineral nutrients, but generally has no effect on soil improvement.

two。 It contains all kinds of nutrients, low in quantity, single in nutrients and high in content.

3. The fertilizer supply time is long, the fertilizer effect is slow, the fertilizer effect is fast, and it is not lasting.

4. It can improve soil fertilizer conservation and supply, high nutrient concentration, easy volatilization, loss, fixation and so on.

Second, the maturity of organic fertilizer

(1) the reasons for full maturity:

The main results are as follows: 1. Most of the nutrients in immature organic fertilizers are delayed and can not be absorbed and utilized directly by crops.

2. The immature organic fertilizer has a high C, N, and is applied to the soil to compete with crops for nitrogen.

3. Immature organic fertilizer can spread germs, insects, eggs and so on.

(2) changes of nutrients during ripening

1. Mineralization process: the process in which organic materials are decomposed into inorganic and simple organic materials under the action of microorganisms.

Hydrolyzed aerobic: CO2 + H2O + Q starch, dextrin, disaccharide, monosaccharide

Anaerobic: CH4, organic acids, alcohols, a small amount of carbon dioxide

Hydrolytic oxidation: proteins, peptides, aa CO2 + H2O+NH3

Decomposition: hippuric acid, benzoic acid + glycine + glycolic acid + NH3+ phytin, phytic acid, phosphoric acid

2. Humification process:

A complex and stable process of macromolecular brown organic matter formed by further dehydration and condensation of mineralized intermediates.

Aromatic compounds, (phenols), peptides, amino acids, dehydration and condensation to form humus and polysaccharides

The production of humus is an important sign of organic fertilizer maturity.

The content of humus determines the quality of organic fertilizer.

III. Conditions for ripening of organic manure

(1) moisture

It affects the life activities of microorganisms, and microorganisms carry out life activities in the water film of the pile.

Affect the movement of nutrients and microorganisms in the stack.

Affect the air and temperature.

Generally control 60%, 70% of the water holding capacity of the material.

(2) Air

Good ventilation is conducive to the activity of aerobic microorganisms and the decomposition of materials. Adjust the grass planting handle in the early stage.

Poor ventilation is conducive to the activity of anaerobic microorganisms, not conducive to the decomposition of materials, and conducive to the formation of humus. In the later stage, pile turning and compaction can adjust the ventilation condition.

(3) temperature

The temperature change in organic fertilizer is a sign to reflect the life activities of various microbial communities.

General aerobic microorganism 30-40oC

Medium temperature cellulose decomposing bacteria 25-37oC

High temperature cellulose decomposing bacteria 50-60oC

In the low temperature season, the heap temperature should be increased. It can be adjusted by inoculation, adding mule manure, old composting and so on.

(IV) C Band N

In general, good composting requires that C _ max N be less than 25:1, otherwise nitrogen will be absorbed from the environment.

Microorganisms form their own carbon at 5:1, and it takes 4 parts of carbon for microorganisms to assimilate one part of carbon, and 25:1 for 5 × 4 parts of carbon.

At 80:1 for general straw compost, human urine manure and nitrogen fertilizer should be added to regulate C bank N.

(5) pH

Most of the microorganisms in fertilizer need medium-slightly alkaline environment, and pH 7.5 is the most suitable. Organic acids are produced in the process of organic decomposition, and pH is reduced, which should be adjusted by adding alkaline substances such as lime and plant ash.

Section II manure and urine fertilizer

1. Human feces and urine: a commonly used fertilizer

(1) composition and nature

Human feces: undigested food, 70%, 80% water, 20% organic matter, 5% minerals.

Minerals: silicate, chloride, sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, phosphorus

Organic matter: cellulose, hemicellulose, fatty acid, protein, amino acid

Human urine: 95% water, 5% water-soluble organic compounds and inorganic salts, containing 1% 2% urea.

Sodium chloride 1%.

C pact N: feces and urine are small, easy to decompose, fertilizer effect is fast, for fine fertilizer.

PH: human feces: general neutral reaction; human urine: generally slightly acidic, decomposed into alkaline