Loquat planting technology and management

Loquat taste delicious, containing a variety of fructose, glucose, iron, calcium and vitamins A, B, C and other nutrients. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that loquat fruit has the effects of moistening lung, relieving cough and relieving thirst, and most people can eat it. Be sure to peel loquat when you eat it. In addition to eating fresh loquat, you can also batch meat into canned sugar water, or make wine. The Compendium of Materia Medica records that "loquat can moisten the five internal organs and nourish the heart and lungs". The whole body of loquat is full of treasures. In addition to fruits, loquat flowers and loquat kernels all have their own effects.

Loquat is a subtropical evergreen fruit tree with stronger cold tolerance than citrus. Loquat can be planted in areas where the annual average temperature is more than 12 ℃-15 ℃, winter is not less than-6 ℃, and annual rainfall is more than 1000 mm.

The following is to introduce the planting and management techniques of loquat.

1. Establishment of orchard: (1) selection of orchard land: first of all, we should choose a place with convenient transportation to build an orchard. Loquat has strong adaptability to soil, but the slightly acidic soil with a deep and fertile soil with an H value of about 6m / m is the best.

(2) Orchard soil improvement: because the root system of loquat has shallow distribution, weak expansibility and poor wind resistance, we must deeply turn the soil or trench to press green or large holes to press green. The seedlings should be planted on ditches or large holes (if the soil layer is less than 50 cm), and then expand the holes outward every year to improve soil permeability and fertility, introduce roots into the soil, enhance root growth, and expand the distribution of root groups. Make the plant grow strong and increase the resistance to wind. For flat land or clayey soil, ditches with a width of 40 cm and a depth of 60 cm should be opened every 2 mi 4 rows.

(3) planting of seedlings: 1. Planting time. In order to avoid frost injury, loquat should be planted in spring in cold areas in winter. It is warm in winter in most parts of the south and can be planted from September to March of the following year, but from October to November is the best.

two。 Seedling treatment. Before planting, the seedlings must be soaked in carbendazim and other fungicides for 30 minutes, soaking the seedlings to more than 10 cm of the graft interface, which is one of the key measures to improve the survival rate. Hit the mud and plant. Loquat leaves have large transpiration, so all leaves should be cut off when planting, and all the young shoots should be cut off. Foliar spray 3 times per day for 4 times.

3. Planting density. The dwarf early orchard can be planted according to row spacing of 13 meters or 1.52 meters (222 plants) and 23 meters (111 plants per mu).

4. Planting method. When planting, the root system should be evenly distributed and pressed into the soil layer by layer, so that the root neck should be just covered to the root neck, and the root neck should be 10 cm higher than the surrounding ground. Then the soil ridge is built around the plant, and the fixed root water is irrigated in the soil ridge, each plant is watered 20ml 25kg, which must be irrigated thoroughly, which is the key to improve the survival rate of seedlings. After the water penetrates into the soil, cover with a layer of fine soil, and finally cover an area of 1 square meter of the tree plate with a thin film to maintain soil moisture and increase soil temperature. If there is a long drought after planting, you should continue to water it.

Second, fertilization: loquat is an evergreen fruit tree with luxuriant leaves and flowers, and needs more fertilizer than deciduous fruit trees. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be used together. Young trees are mainly nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, while adult trees are combined with potassium fertilizer. The time of fertilization must be determined according to the growth of shoots and roots. Loquat shoots have four shoot peaks a year, mainly in spring (February-April), summer (May-June), autumn (August-September) and winter (November-December), mainly in spring, summer and autumn. There was an obvious alternation between root activity and shoot growth of aboveground shoots. generally, the root system grew about 2 weeks earlier than the shoot, and there were four growth peaks a year, that is, the first from the end of January to the beginning of March, the second from mid-May to mid-June, the third from mid-August to September, and the fourth at the end of October and November. Combined with the characteristics of root and shoot growth, adult orchards usually apply fertilizer three times a year.

Spring shoot fertilizer was applied for the first time and in the first and middle of February, when the root system was in the first growth peak, it was easy to absorb nutrients and played a main role in promoting spring shoot and increasing fruit. As spring shoots can become the fruiting branches of the year and the basic branches of summer and autumn shoots, this fertilization is more important, accounting for about 30% of the whole year, mainly quick-acting fertilizer, and potash fertilizer is applied together this time to promote the expansion of young fruits. Each mu can apply 30 kg of urea, 15 kg of superphosphate (phosphate fertilizer), 30 kg of potassium sulfate (potash fertilizer), and about 1000 kg of human and animal manure water.

The second application of summer shoot fertilizer was after fruit harvest from mid-May to early June (before fruit harvest for late-maturing varieties). At this time, it was the second peak of root growth, which mainly promoted summer shoots and flower bud differentiation from July to August. As summer shoots are many and neat, and most of them can form fruiting mother branches in the same year, promoting summer shoots is the main measure to ensure high yield every year. Therefore, the amount of fertilizer applied this time is very large, accounting for about 50% of the whole year, which is applied with quick-acting chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer. Phosphate fertilizer is all applied (to facilitate flower bud differentiation). General mu application of urea 100kg, phosphate fertilizer (calcium superphosphate) 30kg, organic fertilizer 2000 kg-3000 kg.

The third application of autumn fertilizer or pre-flowering fertilizer, from September to early October, after heading and before flowering, accounting for about 20% of the whole year, mainly promoting flowering, improving fruit setting and increasing the ability of preventing cold and overwintering, mainly late-acting fertilizer, 10 kg urea per mu and 1000 kg organic fertilizer.

The principle of thin application and diligence is adopted in the fertilization of young trees. From planting survival to sprouting, the first fertilizer was applied mainly with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, accelerated phosphate fertilizer and clear water manure. From then on, fertilize once a month until October. The first mu application of urea 2.5 kg, superphosphate 5 kg, clear water dung 250 kg, and then increased month by month. In the second year, fertilization was applied once in February, April, June, August and October. After the seedlings were planted and germinated in spring, the seedlings were sprayed with potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus Yunda 120 or lycopene every 10 days from April to May, plus germicidal insecticides to kill diseases and insect pests for 5 times. It is very important to take this technical measure to improve the survival rate of seedlings.

Third, orchard intercropping and deep ploughing, drainage and irrigation: young loquat orchards can be intercropped with legumes, vegetables, strawberries and so on. But it is best to plant green manure, cut it off and cover it in the tree plate from April to August. The adult orchard can cover the tree plate with weeds or crop poles from April to September, and press it into the garden when fertilizing or expanding holes to improve soil in autumn, which can not only enrich the soil, but also keep the soil moist in summer, reduce the soil temperature, and is beneficial to plant growth. Covering the tree plate in winter is beneficial to loquat overwintering. In winter, the whole garden should be ploughed once, with a depth of 10 murals and 20 centimeters.

Dig deep. The orchards with trench soil improvement and large hole planting should be deeply turned into weeds, manuscripts, phosphate fertilizer and so on in autumn. The whole park should be finished within 5 years. It is helpful to guide the root system to grow downward and increase the ability of fertilizer absorption.

Drainage and irrigation. If there is too much rainfall during fruit ripening, loquat is easy to cause poor fruit coloring and fruit cracking, so attention should be paid to drainage in rainy areas. The period of spring drought is the period of young fruit development (March-April), so it should be irrigated properly. Summer drought has a serious impact on flower bud differentiation and flower ear growth and development, especially from August to September, if the weather is dry, it should be irrigated to resist drought.

Fourth, shaping and pruning: shaping and pruning is the key to the success or failure of loquat dense planting garden, and it is the most important technology. (1) shaping: loquat branches have obvious regularity, the terminal bud is strong, the axillary bud is small but not obvious, the growth potential is weak, the terminal bud and several nearby axillary buds produce shoots, while the lower axillary buds become hidden buds, the terminal bud extends upward for the central branch, and the axillary bud extends in all directions for the lateral branch. Therefore, the central trunk of loquat is very obvious, and the tree body is obviously stratified. In order to adapt to this characteristic, the small crown trunk is often used in the dense planting garden (32 meters) and fan (21.5 meters). The shaping methods are as follows:

The main results are as follows: 1. The small crown trunk stratified shape: evolved from the trunk stratification, the tree shape has high yield and high load, so it is suitable for the loquat dense planting orchard with row spacing of 32 meters (111 plants per mu). The trunk is 30ml 40cm high, the angle between the four main branches of the first layer and the central trunk is 60-70 degrees, and the angle between the three main branches of the second layer and the central trunk is 45 degrees. The angle between the two main branches of the third layer and the central trunk is 30 degrees. The shaping is completed in 3-4 years, and the height of the tree is about 2.5 meters after shaping. After that, the head should be happy with the increase of the age of the tree, and the number of layers of main branches should be reduced. The shaping method is as follows: the seedlings of 30ml / 40cm are selected and planted without any pruning, waiting for them to produce terminal buds and lateral buds (axillary buds), and the terminal buds are allowed to grow upward naturally, leaving 4 axillary buds as the first layer of main branches, extending to 4 directions, making them at an angle of 70 degrees with the central stem (which can be fixed by bamboo poles), and the rest of the shoots are twisted and ringed when the shoots stop growing in the first and middle of July to promote flower formation. If the second sprouting lateral branch of the central trunk is less than 40 cm from the first layer, twist the shoot at 30 cm. If the branch distance from the first layer is more than 40 cm, it will be selected as the second main branch at an angle of 50-60 degrees with the central trunk. Select the third and fourth layers of main branches according to the same method (30-45 degrees with the center). After the fourth layer of main branch was left, the central stem was cut off. Except for the terminal bud of the main branch, the dorsal branches of the other lateral branches were twisted and cut around to promote flowers in the middle of July.

2. Fan-shaped. The fan-shaped ventilation and light transmission is good, the early yield is high, the yield is good, the quality is good and the effect is quick. Suitable for close planting orchards. It is suitable to plant 222 plants per mu with row spacing of 2 meters and plant spacing of 1.5 meters. The main shaping methods are as follows: in the first year, the seedlings are planted in the north-south direction, the first layer of branches are oblique to the southeast and northwest, and the angle between the rows is 45 degrees, and all the branches extending to the plants are trimmed and removed. The distance between the second layer branch and the first layer branch is 50ml 60cm, the direction is the same as the first layer branch, and the height of the tree is controlled at about 2 meters.

(2) pruning: for young trees (1-3 years old, during plastic surgery), generally do not cut, let them send more branches, except for the main branches to maintain a predetermined angle of growth, the rest of the branches are twisted and ringed when the new shoots stop growing in July. The non-main branches from the central stem should be flattened to promote early flowering, and the dense branches should be properly thinned in the second or third year.

Adult trees are mainly pruned twice in spring and summer, and spring pruning is carried out in combination with fruit thinning from February to March, which mainly removes weak branches, dense branches and overgrown branches, increases the number of spring shoots and reduces the size of the year. Summer pruning is carried out after fruit harvesting, mainly deleting dense branches, delicate branches, disease and insect branches to improve the light, retracting the central stem of the plants that are too high, and falling their heads happily. In addition, some of the branches moved out were retracted, so that the distance between rows was kept at a distance of 0. 8m, the plants did not cross excessively, and the fruit axis of fruit stump or fruit branch was thinned so as to promote summer shoot and achieve high yield every year.

Fifth, the regulation of fruit setting and fruit management: (1) the regulation of fruit setting: the regulation of fruit setting is mainly to take measures such as fruit thinning or flower and fruit protection, so that the orchard can achieve reasonable yield, produce high-quality commercial fruit, and produce high yield year after year.

1. Flower thinning and fruit thinning: loquat spring and summer shoots are easy to form flowers, each spike generally has 60 mur100 flowers, but only 5% of the flowers form a yield, so too many flowers must be removed, especially Dawuxing loquat, in order to produce high quality commercial fruits, a considerable number of flowers and young fruits must be removed. Flower thinning takes place from late October to November. For trees with too many spikes, part of the spike should be removed from the base, while for medium trees, part of the spike should be removed. In short, determine the number of sparse flowers according to the number of flowers. After proper flower thinning, the flower ear can get sufficient nutrients, increase the resistance to adverse environment and increase the fruit setting rate. Fruit thinning should be carried out after the spring is warm from February to March. Remove some small fruits and diseased fruits and leave about 3 fruits per ear according to the situation.

2. Flower and fruit protection: for some varieties with low fruit setting rate and plants with a small number of flowers, as well as areas with frost injury in winter, flower and fruit protection should be implemented, and the excess fruit should be removed after the middle of March to ensure high yield. The main methods of protecting flowers and fruits are: ① in the first ten days of November (before flowering), late December (after flowering) and mid-January of the following year sprayed 0.8% loquat Daguoling (see instructions). Spraying 920 leaves of 10mg/L (10PPM) at flowering stage of ② can increase fruit setting rate by 38.5%, and ③ flowering 2 / 3 with 0.25% potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2P degree 4) plus 0.2% urea and 0.1% borax foliar spraying can increase fruit setting rate by 34%.

3. Measures to promote flowers: after the summer shoots stopped growing in the dense loquat orchard, measures should be taken from July to August to promote flower bud differentiation for those with strong tree momentum, especially those with secondary shoots in spring and summer, so as to blossom and bear fruit in autumn and winter. The main methods are as follows: ① sprays 500ppm 15% paclobutrazol or 350 times PB degree in early July and early August respectively. ② in early July, when the summer shoot stopped growing, the shoot was flattened, twisted, cut (3 circles, 1 cm apart) and peeled and peeled. ③ pays attention to drainage and maintains proper drought from July to September.

(2) Fruit management: 1. The measures to enlarge the fruit: ① sprayed the young fruit with 30PPM CPPV + 500ppm 920 (GA) at the end of February, the end of March and the middle of April. At the end of March and the first ten days of April, ② soaked the fruit with loquat Daguoling solution twice (once every 10 days). ③ at the end of anthesis (5 days after anthesis) and young fruit stage (within 15 days after anthesis) were sprayed once each (50 kg water per packet). It can increase the fruit setting rate and increase the fruit. ④ removed too many young fruits and small fruits in the middle of March.

2. Fruit bagging: fruit bagging can prevent purple spot, sucking fruit armyworm and birds, and reduce fruit cracking caused by sun exposure after rain. At the same time, it can avoid spraying the liquid on the fruit surface, make the fruit colored well, look beautiful, and improve the fruit quality and commercial value. The bagging time should be carried out after the last fruit thinning, usually from late March to early April, and a mixture of broad-spectrum insecticides must be sprayed before bagging. The bagging paper can be used with old newspapers and special fruit bags. Large fruit can be a bag of fruit, small fruit can be a bag of ear. Start with the top of the tree, then down to the coat. The mouth of the bag is fastened with thread, or it can be ordered with a stapler.

3. Fruit harvest: loquat fruit should be harvested in batches when the pericarp is fully colored and ripe, the first color should be picked first, and if it is transported over a long distance, it should be picked early. As the loquat peel is thin, the flesh is tender and juicy, and there is a layer of fluff on the skin, so you should be very careful when picking, you should hold the ear or stalk by hand and cut it carefully so as not to scratch the fluff on the fruit surface and damage the fruit. After harvest, gently place it in a fruit basket covered with brown slices or grass. It is better to harvest in the morning, afternoon or cloudy day. Never harvest in heavy rain or hot sun.

Sixth, pest control: (1) disease control: 1. Cancer disease, alias bud blight: occurs from March to April. Black ulcers are produced on the parent buds of new shoots, showing symptoms of bud blight, which often make lateral buds cluster, and the disease spots on leaves are black with obvious yellow halo. The injured fruit, the surface of the fruit ulcer is rough, and the surface of the pedicel is longitudinally split. The branches were initially yellowish-brown irregular spots, the surface was fine and rough, and the epigenetic ring-shaped protruding crack lines exposed black-brown xylem, showing cancerous swelling, causing the branches to die. It is a bacterial disease that overwinters in the diseased parts of the tree trunk.

Prevention and treatment: ① should strengthen orchard management, pay attention to drainage, enhance disease resistance of fruit trees, cut off diseased branches in time, collect diseased leaves and fruits in time and burn them with fire, and remove the source of disease. In the early stage of ② (early March), 8000-fold Dasheng MUE 45 or 1200 MUE 1500-fold Domiqing were sprayed twice.

2. Other diseases: leaf spot: harmful leaves, disease spot is polygonal, reddish brown, yellow halo outside, black mold in the later stage is punctate, overwintering with mycelium and conidia, warm area, annual disease.

Gray spot: harmful leaves, the disease spot is round or irregular after healing, reddish brown, the enlarged center is grayish yellow, the outer edge is grayish brown, and black dots appear on the disease spot in the later stage, sometimes arranged in a wheel, overwintering with conidia and hyphae on the diseased leaves.

Dirty leaf disease: there are more dirty brown round spots or irregular spots on the reverse side of the leaves, followed by soot-like mold, which can be covered with whole leaves, overwintering with conidia and hyphae on diseased leaves.

Red rust: harmful to leaves, resulting in orange to yellowish brown rust spots, granular, with adventitia, do not fly away. It is effective to remove fallen leaves and spray protection.

Purple spot: purple rust spot only occurs on the fruit, which only affects the appearance and hardly affects the meat quality. it suddenly appears symptoms in the late ripening stage of loquat fruit, which is related to sunlight exposure. The most effective control measure is fruit bagging.

Prevention and treatment of the above diseases: ① attaches importance to the removal of fallen leaves, combined with pruning, removing diseased branches and leaves, doing a good job of drainage in the rainy season, strengthening management, and strengthening the tree potential. After the new leaves grew, ② sprayed Bordeaux solution with 1, 200, 100, 000 or 1500 times of dimethycin at the beginning of the disease.

(2) Pest control: 1. Yellow caterpillar: the larvae eat the tender buds and leaves of loquat, and the leaves are almost eaten up for a long time, and the loss is more serious when the young trees are harmed. The pupae are attached to the cracks in the bark or on the back of the old leaves. The adults appear in May and lay eggs on the back of the leaves. The first generation harms the leaves from June to July, the second generation occurs from July to mid-August, and the third generation occurs from mid-August to mid-September. It coincided with the growth period of loquat tender leaves, and the 1.2 instar larvae clustered the new shoots. The larva is yellow, then it turns into orange blossom yellow, and the length of the mature larva is about 20 cm.

Prevention and control measures: the key lies in the larval stage, 20% fenvalerate 5000 times or 2.5% deltamethrin 3000 times, 2.5% cypermethrin 3 suspension 1500m 2000 times. When clearing the garden in winter, the overwintering cocoons were removed and the 2nd instar larvae of 1Mel were killed artificially.

2 boat moth: alias boat caterpillar, is the main pest of loquat leaves, specializing in eating mature leaves, began to eat mesophyll, leaving the epidermis and only the main vein. It occurs one generation a year, overwinters as pupae in the soil near the tree trunk, differentiates in July and moves in the evening. The eggs lay on the back of the leaves, 10 grains were arranged into a piece, and hatched in late August. 1 the 2nd instar larvae were damaged by clustering, and the damaged leaves were neatly arranged on the back of one or more leaves. The injured leaves were yarn-like, and there were many insect mouths on a tree. The leaves of the whole tree were eaten up sooner or later. When the larvae were frightened, the larvae spun and sagged and died. From September to October, the mature larvae were buried in the soil to overwinter. the larvae were yellowish brown at first and purplish brown later.

Prevention and control measures: ploughing in winter, digging up the pupa cocoon in the soil around the tree trunk, and killing the low-instar larvae in the cluster in late August. If the larvae have dispersed to feed, you can choose 20% permethrin 5000-fold solution or 3000-fold methamphetamine solution.

3. Mulberry longicorn beetles: it mainly harms loquat branches. The larvae first graze along the bark, and then enter the xylem, causing the branches to die. 50 times solution such as 40% dichlorvos can be dipped into the cotton and stuffed into the wormhole, and then the hole is sealed with yellow mud.

4. Diamondback moth: commonly known as hot seed, star anise. There are many species, and the main ones that harm loquat are Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera litura and so on. The first generation is from the middle of July to the middle of August, and the second generation is from the beginning of September to the end of October. 5000 times of permethrin can be used to control other pests. Other pests such as heart-eating insects, aphids, leaf mites, pocket moths, etc. It can be used to control major pests at the same time. Insecticides such as trimethoprim, acarb, propargite and so on can be selected for control.

Planting Technology and Management "/ >

Planting technology of loquat

Zhang Sheng, a large loquat grower in Ganlu Town, Zizhong County, contracted more than 100 mu of mountain loquat planting with rich planting experience. aiming at the planting and management problems consulted by loquat growers, he introduced the specific planting techniques:

I. Establishment and planting of gardens

Choose a sandy soil garden with fertile soil and good drainage. Strong seedlings with good root system, stout stem and 30~40cm height were selected.

II. Soil and fertilizer management

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other organic fertilizers are reasonably matched with inorganic fertilizers. The suitable proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 4 ∶ 2.5 ∶ 3, and organic fertilizers account for more than 60% of the total fertilizer application.

Fertilization should be applied thinly in young orchards, 4-5 times a year, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus. Adult trees can be fertilized three times a year, the first time is mainly available fertilizer, the second time is available nitrogen fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer, and the third time is late fertilizer.

Third, shaping and pruning

Plastic method: after planting, in the first round of lateral branches (30cm to 60cm from the ground), three evenly distributed branches were selected as the first layer of main branches, and another two branches were selected as auxiliary branches.

Pruning methods: remove dense branches, cut off disease and insect branches, cross branches and overlapping branches, cut short leafless branches, retract drooping branches and weak branches, etc.

IV. Flower and fruit management

Flower promotion measures: strengthen fertilizer and water management in infancy, and take reasonable flower promotion measures in the second growth period.

Flower and fruit thinning: strong trees are less sparse, weak trees are more sparse, weak trees stay strong, stay late and stay early, go up and stay, go outside and stay inside.

Fruit set: put 2-3 leaves into a paper bag within 1 month after flowering, and spray methyl topiramate and pyrethroid pesticides before. Bagging order: first up and then down, first inside and then out.

Fruit harvest: carefully cut off the pedicel in hand, do not scratch the furry on the fruit surface, touch the fruit, and pack the single fruit in a cushioned fruit basket after harvest.

Pest control: in winter garden management, cut off the branches of diseases and insect pests and burn them centrally; scrape off the disease spot cracks of branches and trunks and coat the trunk with lime water to reduce the source of overwintering diseases and insect pests; strengthen management and improve the ability of resistance to diseases and insect pests.