Detailed explanation of propagation and pest control cultivation techniques of Chinese longevity peach

Zhonghuashou peach is planted in northern China. This variety is called "the best peach". It belongs to the late maturing variety. It has the characteristics of early flowering, early fruit and cold resistance. It shows the advantages of large fruit volume, rich sugar, sufficient water, high yield and long storage period. It can grow normally and bear fruit in barren land. It has won high praise at home and abroad for its strong adaptability and great economic value. The following is to learn the breeding and pest control cultivation techniques of Zhonghua Shoutao in Quyang County together with Xiaobian.

1 Seedling breeding

Grafting propagation is the main way of peach seedling in China. Peach grafting seedlings should be planted in fertile soil, soft soil, drainage irrigation convenient land. Seed nuts at the time of winter and spring, and the sowing time is selected after the soil is thawed and before freezing. When sowing in winter, the seeds need to be treated in layers at low temperature. Before germination, the seeds should be pre-germinated, and then seeded in seedbed. The seeding depth is about 7 cm. Sowing in autumn, soaking seeds in cold water 4 days before sowing. Before peach grafting, it is necessary to do a good job in the management of peach grafted seedlings, such as fertilization, weeding, pest control, etc., in order to promote the healthy growth of seedlings. Peach grafting time is usually selected in February to April or May to July. Summer grafting can be used single bud and abdominal grafting, grafting after 15 days of survival to remove stubble; spring grafting is usually used single bud cutting method, grafting can be completed within 2 years. Proper early grafting, grafted seedlings more robust.

2 Selection of peach orchard location

The root system of Chinese longevity peach has good drought resistance and high oxygen consumption, which is suitable for planting in sandy soil or loam with deep soil layer, loose soil, good drainage and sufficient sunshine. Peach orchards are built in plain, sand soil below 1 m will not produce ponding, and waterlogging, saline-alkali and hilly arid areas are not suitable for peach orchards. Planting time should generally be selected in spring, planting plant spacing is 3 ~ 4 m, row spacing is 4 ~ 5 m. The diameter and depth of planting holes shall be greater than 80 cm. When backfilling soil after planting, the surface soil and decomposed organic fertilizer shall be mixed into the pit first, and then the rest planting soil shall be backfilled.

3 Field management

3.1 Intercropping. After planting for 1 ~ 2 years, cash crops such as legumes, vegetables, tubers and root plants can be planted between peach planting rows.

3.2 Weed at the right time. Peach orchard interplanting can keep soil loose state, inhibit weeds, need regular weeding operation. Generally weeding 3 ~ 5 times in spring and summer.

3.3 Water and fertilizer management. Fertilization methods and fertilizer types and amounts should be considered comprehensively according to the age of peach trees, growth potential, fruit yield last year and soil fertility. Generally, autumn is suitable for deep application of basal fertilizer and deep ploughing of soil; spring is suitable for topdressing at the base of fruit trees to promote flower bud differentiation and fruit development. Fertilization can be applied with water when irrigation conditions are available. The critical period of watering is before germination, rapid fruit expansion and before ground freezing.

4 Shaping and pruning

Chinese longevity peach has strong growth potential and upright tree vigor. According to the characteristics of Chinese longevity peach, the young tree and early fruiting stage have strong tree vigor, obvious top advantage, tree posture should not open, and the remaining branches are mainly medium and short fruit branches. Attention should be paid to the opening angle when pruning, so as to restrain the top advantage, ease the tree vigor and promote a large number of medium and short branches. When pruning young trees, pay attention to the direction of the main branch and do not rush to the operation road, so as to prevent the operation and inter-row lighting from being affected after forming. The pruning of trees in full fruiting period is mainly to adjust the contradiction between fruit bearing and growth, the pruning amount should be gradually increased, and the main branches should be retracted and renewed. Pay attention to the cultivation and regeneration of branch groups, so that the whole tree between the main branches, between the branches of the group to maintain a stable balance, robust. The branches on the upper periphery of the crown should be controlled, the strong branches and upright branches should be thinned in time, and the lighting conditions in the inner chamber should be improved. Timely clean up the lower and internal over-dense branches, weak branches, excessive branches, etc., retract the distant branches, cut off the diseased branches and insect branches.

5 Management of flowers

Thinning flowers is usually carried out at the early flowering stage of peach trees, thinning early flowering, abnormal flowers and facing flowers. The flowers below the middle of the branches are all thinned, and the flowers above the middle are left one sparse, maintaining a reasonable and even spacing. Fruit thinning should be carried out in the middle of May, to thin out excess fruit, leaving enough production fruit. The second fruit thinning was completed in the middle of June, and the amount of fruit left on different fruit branches was reasonably arranged, and all redundant fruits were thinned out. Long fruit branches leave 2 ~ 3 fruits, keeping the distance between fruits 15 ~ 20 cm. 1 - 2 fruits on the middle fruit branch, so that the fruit is born on both sides of the branch. Short fruit branches leave single fruit, bouquet fruit branches leave single fruit or no fruit. Fruit cracking is serious in the late stage of natural fruit growth. The fundamental way to solve this problem is fruit bagging. Bagging should be carried out at the end of the second thinning, and it is best to use special paper bags. The bag is usually removed about 2 weeks before harvest, and it is removed at one time.

6 Pest control

Common diseases and insect pests are bacterial perforation disease, powdery mildew, leaf shrinkage disease, aphids, leaf miner, red spiders, scale insects and so on. Comprehensive control should be carried out according to the occurrence rules of different diseases and insect pests at different periods of the year. During dormancy period, the control objects were bacterial perforating disease, leaf miner and other overwintering disease sources and insect pests. The main control measures were to clean the garden well and spray high concentration and equal amount of Bordeaux mixture once on the peach orchard with serious perforating disease. The control objects in germination stage are leaf shrinkage disease, bacterial perforation disease, scale insects, etc. The control chemicals can be 5 baume sulfur mixture plus 80% sodium pentachlorophenol 250 times solution to eliminate various overwintering bacteria sources; scale insects can be brushed with steel wire brush.