How to grow big cherries? Key techniques for improving quality and efficiency of Big Cherry in Yishui County

Yishui county big cherry everyone should have heard of, Yishui county summer and autumn day and night temperature difference, is the most suitable for big cherry cultivation area, Yishui big cherry has been certified by the national geographical indication of agricultural products. Now the editor has sorted out the key techniques for improving the quality and efficiency of Yishui cherry as follows.

1 high standard garden construction

1.1 there are no pollution sources around the garden, and the water, soil and air used for irrigation all meet the requirements of pollution-free fruit production. The hilly sloping land requires that the living soil layer is 40 cm thick and the content of organic matter is more than 0.8%. The groundwater level in the plain area is required to be below 1.5 m.

1.2 pollination tree configuration pollination tree needs to meet two conditions, one is a large amount of pollen, which meets the flowering stage of the main varieties, and the other is pollination compatibility with the main varieties. The main varieties of Pingdi cherry orchard were pollinated every 3 rows. The pollination trees were arranged in stages in the hilly terraced garden, that is, one pollination variety was planted every 3 to 4 trees in the row.

1.3 according to the characteristics of big cherry rootstock, the tree shape and the requirements of mechanized operation, the suitable plant row spacing was determined to be 3 × 4 m × 4 × 5 m.

1.4 soil analysis was carried out one year before planting, and the soil pH value and organic matter content were adjusted according to the analysis results. The suitable pH is 6-7, and the suitable organic matter content is more than 1.5%. Apply high quality soil and miscellaneous fertilizer more than 4000 kg per mu, then plough the whole garden and ridge along the line, the ridge width is 100,120 cm, and the height is about 30 cm.

1.5 planting techniques planting after soil thawing in spring to before sprouting. The depth of planting in the middle of the ridge is the same as that in the nursery or about 3 cm deep. After planting, irrigate and cover with plastic film to preserve soil moisture.

1.6 after planting, the seedlings were fertilized 2-4 times in 6-8 months after planting, urea or diammonium phosphate 50 g per plant in the early stage, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the later stage. After September, it is necessary to properly control fertilizer and water to promote the enrichment of branches.

2 shape the tree

2.1 the main tree shape and its structural parameters are generally spindle pruning, the trunk is stout and straight, and there are 15 main branches. The main branches were spirally distributed from the bottom to the top of the middle trunk and decreased in turn. The thickness of the main branch is about 1 to 4 of that of the trunk, and the angle is 85 °. There are no oversized lateral branches and superior dorsal branches, and the main branches and branches extend uniaxially. The tree height is about 3.5 m. The tree-shaped light is good and the yield is high.

2.2 after reshaping and pruning, after the seedlings were planted in the spring of the first year, the 80cm was left to dry, and the cutting mouth was about 1 cm from the top bud to prevent the top bud from drying. After the seedlings were dried, the 2nd and 4th buds and the 6th ~ 7th buds were deducted, and the buds below the 8th bud were selectively carved, so that the extracted long branches were evenly distributed. In the early spring of the second year, except for the middle stem, all the branches were truncated and only 2-4 buds were left in the developing branches at the grass-roots level to promote branching and reduce the diameter and length of branches. Flatten all the secondary branches from the upper part of the middle stem in the autumn of the 2nd year or the spring of the 3rd year, and the first long branch after sprouting on the middle stem. If more than one long branch is sent out from the part of the middle stem, 2 can be flattened in space and 1 in space. All the rest are removed. The main task of adult garden pruning is to keep the whole garden ventilated and transparent, retract the thin and weak branches, remove the dense branches, too thick and too large branches, and cultivate robust fruiting branches.

3 fertile soil and strong trees

3.1 there are mainly two ways of growing grass in orchard: artificial grass and natural grass, or the two methods can be combined. First, artificial grass, artificial planting of ryegrass or Kentucky bluegrass, alfalfa, long-haired wild pea and other fine grass species. Generally, from late September to early October, sowing or strip sowing, the sowing amount is 1.5: 3 kg/ mu, and the water is sprayed 2 times after sowing. Second, natural weeds, there is no ploughing and weeding between the rows of the orchard, the excellent local wild weeds such as horse tang and dogtail grass grow naturally, and the malignant weeds such as ragweed, amaranth, quinoa and fennel are pulled out in time. The third is the cutting treatment, when the grass grows to about 40 cm, cut mechanically or artificially and leave stubble about 15cm. It is generally cut 3 to 4 times a year. Cover the cut grass under the canopy.

3.2 High efficiency fertilization

1) applying base fertilizer in autumn. The time of applying base fertilizer in autumn is from mid-September to late October, and the base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, mixed with appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer. Organic fertilizer includes fully mature human manure, barnyard manure, bean cake, chicken manure, pig manure and so on. The application of organic fertilizer is more than 3000 kg per mu. The application of basic fertilizer in autumn should be mainly radial trench. 6-8 radial ditches can be dug around the crown with a depth of 20-30 cm, and the ditches should be as many and deeper as possible, which is beneficial to the absorption of fertilizer nutrients by roots. Mix the organic fertilizer with the soil evenly, apply it deeply and trample on it.

2) topdressing soil. During the period of cherry blooming and fruiting, it consumes a lot of nutrients and has higher requirements for nutritional conditions, so it is necessary to apply timely and sufficient amount of available fertilizer in order to increase the fruit setting rate, increase the number of fruits, improve the quality and promote the growth of branches and leaves. The topdressing in this period is mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer. In the full fruiting period, the general trees were treated with compound fertilizer for about 1 kg, ditched and watered. The supplementary application of fertilizer after fruit harvest is usually carried out from mid-June to mid-early July after fruit harvest. In the full fruiting stage, the general application of compound fertilizer to big trees is about 1.5 kg. Multiple radiation ditches or annular ditches can be used for fertilization.

3) extra-root topdressing. Borax was sprayed twice in flowering stage and potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed 3 times in fruit coloring period. Extra-root topdressing can be combined with spraying, but there is no adverse reaction between the two, and the spraying time is generally in the afternoon or evening.

4 Flower and fruit management

4.1 promote boron spraying during fruit setting and blooming, and spray 0.2%-0.3% borax solution at the initial stage of flowering. When the bees are pollinated at the early flowering stage, the beehive should be placed at a height of 1 m above the ground, with 250 to 300 nests per nest. The length of the nest tube is 15 cm and the wall diameter is 5 mm.

4.2 regulate the yield by thinning buds before flowering, leaving 2 or 3 full and robust buds on each bouquet of fruit branches. Although bud thinning plays a significant role in improving fruit quality, it is troublesome and laborious to operate, so it is appropriate to cut off weak fruit branches during dormancy. The fruit thinning was carried out after the physiological fruit drop of big cherry. The amount of fruit thinning should be determined according to the growth of the tree and the setting of fruit. A bouquet-shaped fruit branch can have 3-4 fruits, with a maximum of 5. Weak bouquet-like fruit branches with less than 5 leaves are generally not suitable to retain fruit.

4.3 promote fruit coloring on the basis of reasonable shaping and pruning, improving ventilation and light transmission in the crown, and removing the leaves that block the daylighting of the fruit during the fruit coloring period. The leaves on fruit branches play an important role in flower bud differentiation, so don't pick the leaves too heavily. 10-15 days before harvest, a reflective film was laid under the crown to promote fruit coloring.

4.4 to prevent and reduce fruit cracking and stabilize the soil moisture condition, the soil water content in the depth of 10-30 cm should be stabilized at about 12% from the hard kernel stage to the second speed period of cherry fruit. Spraying calcium before harvest and spraying 200 times of calcium amino acid solution once a week for 3 times before harvest could increase the content of soluble solids in fruit and reduce the rate of fruit cracking. Build shelter from the rain.

(5) Disease and pest control

The main diseases and insect pests are cherry gummy disease, bacterial perforation disease, spot leaf disease, aphids, red spiders, mulberry scale, pear net bug and so on. Play 3-5 Baumedo stone sulfur mixture before blooming in spring. Tebuconazole, carbendazim and carbendazim were used to control diseases during fruit growing period. Imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, pyridaben, triazotin and so on are selected for pest control. Collect Bordeaux liquid that can be injected with 1 ∶ 2 ∶ 200 every 10-15 days in September.

6 timely harvest

Harvest by stages according to different varieties and maturity. Timely harvest of qualified fruits that reach the maturity of commodities, and classify and pack them according to market requirements and different varieties and specifications.