Cultivation techniques of Liquidambar formosana

Liquidambar formosana is a deciduous tree of Hamamelidaceae, which likes warm and humid climate, light, drought and barren. It is produced in Qinling Mountains and provinces south of Huaihe River. Resin can detoxify and relieve pain, stop bleeding and produce muscle. Roots, leaves and fruits are used in medicine to dispel wind and dehumidification, dredge collaterals and activate blood circulation. Wood can be used to make furniture and boxes of valuable commodities. Let's take a look at the cultivation techniques of Liquidambar formosana.

Growth habits of Liquidambar formosana

Liquidambar formosana likes warm and humid climate, sex likes light, young trees are slightly tolerant to shade, drought and barren soil, and not resistant to waterlogging. Most of them are born in flat land, near villages, and secondary forests in low mountains, and grow well on moist, fertile and deep red-yellow loam. Deep roots, thick and long taproots, strong wind resistance, not resistant to transplantation and pruning. Seeds have the habit of germination every other year, not cold-resistant, north of the Yellow River can not overwintering in the open field, can not tolerate salinity and drought. In Hainan Island, it often forms the dominant species of secondary forest, which is resistant to fire and has strong germination ability.

Sowing and propagation of Liquidambar formosana

1. Seed collection: the dominant tree which has been growing for more than 10 years, free of diseases and insect pests, strong growth and straight trunk is selected as the mother tree. When the color of the fruit changes from green to yellowish brown (slightly bluish) and has not yet cracked, it should be shot down to facilitate collection. The harvested fruit should be dried in the sun, usually for 3 to 5 days. In the process of drying, you should often turn the fruit with a shovel, take out the seeds after the capsule is cracked, and then use a fine sieve to remove the impurities to get pure maple seeds.

2. Nursery site selection: the best nursery for Liquidambar formosana nursery is sandy loam with good traffic condition, close to water source, deep soil layer, loose soil, fertile soil and pH 5.5-6.0. In order to reduce the disease, it is best to raise the seedlings of Liquidambar formosana on the land where the previous crop is paddy field. Should not choose too sticky soil or vegetable land, these soil bacteria are more, easy to cause root rot of seedlings.

3. Sowing and raising seedlings: the seeds of Liquidambar formosana are small and can not be treated before sowing. Sowing can be carried out either in winter or in spring, but comparatively speaking, the seeds sown in winter germinate early and neatly, and spring sowing is generally carried out in the middle of March. There are two ways to sow seeds, namely, sowing and strip sowing, and there are generally more sowing applications.

Seedling Management of Liquidambar formosana

1. Uncover the grass at the right time: the seeds of Liquidambar formosana began to germinate about 25 days after sowing, and the seedlings basically appeared in 45 days. The germination rate of the nursery was 12.3-57%, with an average of 35.6%. When the seedlings are basically out, the grass should be uncovered in time, and it is best to do it in two stages. The first time, remove the first one, and then uncover the rest five days later. The action should be light to prevent the seedlings from coming out.

2, seedling replenishment: when the seedlings grow to 3cm after uncovering the grass, they should choose cloudy or rainy days to carry out inter-seedlings and replenish seedlings in time, remove the denser seedlings with bamboo sticks, remove the soil, soak the roots in 0.01%ABT3 or ABT6 rooting powder solution for 1-2 minutes, and then replant them on the seedling bed without seedlings, the row spacing is generally 5 × 8 cm, and water thoroughly in time after planting. The density of Liquidambar formosana seedlings was controlled at about 100 plants per square meter.

3. Fertilization, drainage and irrigation: suitable nitrogen fertilizer can be selected for topdressing 40 days after grass opening. The concentration of the first topdressing should be less than 0.1%, and the amount of fertilizer should be 22.5 kg / ha. Then, according to the actual situation of the seedlings, the concentration should be controlled at 0.5-1.0%, and the amount of fertilizer should be 45-60 kg / ha. In case of rain, in order to prevent the rotten roots of seedlings, the stagnant water in the nursery should be removed in time, and the seedlings should be irrigated in time in case of continuous dry weather to meet the water demand of seedling growth.

4. Loosen the soil and weed: loosen the soil and weed in time during the seedling growth period, and pull weeds manually when the seedling is small. When it grows to more than 30 centimeters, chemical weeding can be carried out with a concentration of 3000 fruit herbicides, with a dosage of 15 milliliters per mu. When spraying, the sprayer head should be aimed at the middle of the row spacing, and be careful not to spray the liquid on the young leaves and young stems.

Cultivation techniques of Liquidambar formosana

1. Land selection and preparation: choose valleys with warm, humid and deep soil, the lower and middle part of the hillside, and shady and semi-sunny slopes in the low hilly areas. The soil preparation was completed before winter, and the gentle slope land had better be prepared in the form of full reclamation and burrow, while in the steep slope of the mountain, the scale pit or cave shape was adopted, and the hole size was 50 × 50 × 40 cm.

2. Plant planting: afforestation in the middle and first ten days of March when the climate is relatively stable, the general row spacing is (1.5 × 3.0) × (1.5 × 3.0) m, planting 1110 × 4440 plants per hectare. The cultivation timber forest can be sparsely planted, and the dense planting of bait forest, raw material forest and timber seedling forest can be mainly cultivated. Mixed forests can be built in hills and low mountain areas, mixed with Pinus massoniana, Cunninghamia lanceolata and other tree species, and the mixed mode is banded or massive, and the mixed proportion of Liquidambar formosana accounts for 30%.

3. Weeding and fertilization: the new afforestation should remove weeds and loosen the soil continuously for 2 to 3 years, tending twice in May-June and September-October, mainly weeding in the first year, expanding holes in the second and third years, with a diameter of 60 cm and a depth of 15 cm. The young forest was fertilized in combination with tending from September to May of the following year, and strip ditch application was carried out with organic fertilizer or compound fertilizer, and the fertilization of adult forest was best carried out in winter.

4. Pruning and thinning: in the second year after afforestation, the branches below 1pm 3 at the base of the tree, double forked branches and competitive branches were removed until they were covered into a forest. Pruning is carried out during the dormant period of the tree, and the pruning cut should be smooth, without damaging the bark and leaving no stakes. When the canopy density of the stand is more than 0.9, thinning is carried out when the pressed trees account for 20-30% of the total trees, the initial age is about 10 years, the first intensity is 25-35% of the total trees of the stand, the canopy density after thinning is not less than 0.7, and the interval between thinning is not less than 8 years. After that, the intensity of thinning is 2030%, and the main cutting will be taken after 30 years.

5. Pest control: clear the litter on the afforestation land, eliminate the sources of diseases and insect pests, build a mixed forest, improve the ecological environment of woodland, remove diseases and insect pests, and destroy the habitat of diseases and pests: scientific fertilization, reasonable thinning, in the control of brown sky caterpillars, the following methods should be adopted:

Artificial prevention and control of ①: manual cocoon picking. To protect natural enemies, pick out the parasitic pupae from the cocoons picked in the field and put them back into the forest or not pick them. In the poison rope method, 20% permethrin and oil were mixed at 1:8, soaked in paper rope for 0.5 hours, removed and dried, tied to the chest height of the tree trunk, the control effect was above 90%. Light traps moths and sets up trapping lights in seriously harmful woodlands to trap and kill adults with better results.

② chemical control: the control effect was more than 3500 with 25% cypermethrin 2000 times or deltamethrin 2000 times or omethoate 800 times with motor sprayer in the evening. Pyrethroids can also be sprayed into the screen, and the control effect is more than 95%.