Cultivation techniques of Pleurotus ostreatus

Pleurotus ostreatus is also called Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus and so on. it is one of the top ten mushrooms in the international mushroom market. it is also one of the mushrooms recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to developing countries. it has a very broad development prospect. let's take a look at the cultivation techniques of Pleurotus ostreatus.

Cultivation Prospect of Pleurotus ostreatus

The main results are as follows: 1. The cultivation technique of Pleurotus ostreatus is simple and extensive, can be cultivated with raw material directly, has strong anti-impurity ability, and is easy to be successful.

2. The cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus is rich in raw materials, which can grow on all kinds of straw culture materials (such as rice straw, wheat straw, etc.). It can be used as a main measure to deal with straw in the vast rural areas of China, and the waste after cultivation can be directly returned to the field to improve the soil and increase fertility.

3. Pleurotus ostreatus has strong stress resistance and can adapt to a wide range of temperature. it can produce mushrooms in the range of 4-30 ℃ and can survive the winter naturally in Fujian and Guangdong provinces. Due to the long suitable season, it is beneficial to adjust the listing of other mushrooms or vegetables in the off-season.

4. Pleurotus ostreatus is easy to be accepted by consumers as a new product on the market because of its high yield, low production cost and rich nutrition.

Cultivation conditions of Pleurotus ostreatus

1. Temperature: the mycelium growth temperature of Pleurotus ostreatus is 5: 34 ℃, the optimum is 25-12 ℃, the mycelium grows slowly below 12 ℃, and the mycelium stops growing when it exceeds 35 ℃ and is prone to aging and death. The temperature of primordium formation and fruiting body development is 4: 30 ℃, and the optimum temperature is 14: 25 ℃. It is difficult to form and grow fruiting bodies below 4 ℃ and more than 30 ℃.

2. Moisture: the moisture content of mycelial growth medium of Pleurotus ostreatus is about 65%, the air humidity of primordium differentiation is 90% 95%, the moisture content of fruiting body growth and development matrix is 70%, and the air humidity of primordium differentiation is 90% 95%.

3. Ventilation: the mycelium growth of Pleurotus ostreatus does not require high oxygen, the concentration of carbon dioxide should not exceed 2%, the growth and development of fruiting body requires sufficient oxygen, too high carbon dioxide is easy to form deformed mushrooms, and the mushroom production period should be ventilated for 2-3 hours a day.

4. Light: the mycelium growth stage of Pleurotus ostreatus does not need light, and the fruit body growth requires 100 ~ 500 LX light. Scattering sunlight can promote the fruit body health and improve the quality.

5. Acidity and alkalinity: Pleurotus ostreatus is suitable to grow in weak acid environment, medium and soil PH4~9 hyphae can grow, but PH5~6.5 is suitable. The suitable medium for mycelium growth was PH5.5~6.5, the suitable culture material for fruiting body growth was PH, and the suitable soil covering material PH5.5~6 was 5-6.

Cultivation preparation of Pleurotus ostreatus

1. Cultivation materials: Pleurotus ostreatus can use crop straw as raw material, and the mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus can grow and produce mushrooms normally without any organic fertilizer. If nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium fertilizer is added to the straw, the mycelium growth of Pleurotus ostreatus is very poor. The effect of cultivating Pleurotus ostreatus with sawdust, barnyard manure, leaves and hay is not ideal. A large number of materials are needed for large area cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus, so it should be collected and stored in advance. Crop straw can be rice straw, wheat straw, barley straw, rye straw, flax straw and so on.

2. Cultivation method: Pleurotus ostreatus can be cultivated in ground bed, box and bed frame in mushroom house, but it is not suitable for intensive indoor cultivation. Germany, Poland and the United States mainly use sunny beds for extensive bare or protected cultivation outdoors (gardens, orchards). In China, it is mainly cultivated with outdoor raw materials, because it does not need special equipment, easy to make, easy to manage, low cultivation cost and good economic benefits.

3. Cultivation season: in North China, if protected by plastic greenhouses, production can be arranged almost all the year round except for the short severe winter and extreme heat. Winter fallow fields can be used in warmer areas and cultivated in protective sheds. The sowing time should be arranged from mid-late November to early December, so that the peak period of mushroom production is around the Spring Festival, or the sowing time is adjusted according to market demand, so that the peak period of mushroom emergence is in the off-season of vegetables or the season with less mushroom on the market.

4. Cultivation site: outdoor cultivation is the main method to cultivate Pleurotus ostreatus. Warm, sheltered and shaded places can provide a microclimate suitable for the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus, and semi-shaded places are more suitable for the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus. However, continuous shade (such as the shade under big trees) will seriously hinder the growth and development of Pleurotus ostreatus.

Cultivation techniques of Pleurotus ostreatus

1. Land preparation: first of all, drainage ditches should be opened around the cultivation field, mainly to prevent stagnant water after rain. The specific method of land preparation is to first stack part of the surface loam next to it for later covering, and then form the land into a ridge, slightly higher in the middle and lower on both sides, with a height of 10 cm to 15 cm, a width of 90 cm, a length of 150 cm, and a distance of 40 cm between the border and the border. In order not to affect the growth of trees, but not to turn the soil, the mushroom bed was built in the middle of the two trees or slightly close to the side of the border, so as to facilitate the management of the orchard.

2. Site disinfection: disinfection of the site should be carried out before the heap is built after the completion of land preparation. 1% of tea seed cake water can be poured on the border to prevent earthworms and spray dichlorvos on and around the border. If you choose the mountain as a mushroom farm, you must use mirex, termite powder and other ants.

3. Material treatment: the culture materials are used locally according to different regions, which are required to be fresh, dry and non-moldy. You can choose the following formula ① dry pure straw 100%. ② dry pure wheat straw 100%, ③ soybean straw 50%, corn straw 50%, ④ dried rice straw 80%, dry sawdust 20%, ⑤ dried rice straw 40%, grain husk 40%, miscellaneous sawdust 20%.

4. Pre-heap of straw soaking: the straw must absorb enough water before building the pile, introduce the clean water into the ditch or pool, soak the straw directly into the ditch or pool, soak the straw while dipping, the soaking time is generally about 2 days, and the soaking time of different varieties of straw is slightly different. When the daytime temperature is higher than 23 ℃, pre-fermentation should be carried out in order to prevent the fermentation of hay pile and the increase of temperature from affecting the growth of mycelium. 

5. Composting bacterial bed: the most important thing of composting bacterial bed is to press the straw flat and firm, the thickness of forage is 20 cm, the thickest is not more than 30 cm, and not less than 20 cm. The amount of hay per square meter is 2030 kg and the seed amount is 600kg and 700g. When stacking grass, the grass on the first layer is about 10 cm away from the border, generally 3 layers, each layer about 8 cm thick, the bacteria break into pigeon egg size and sow between the two layers of grass. The depth of the seeding hole is 5cm, using plum blossom on demand, and the distance between the hole is 10cm and 12cm. Increasing the number of holes in sowing can make the mycelium grow faster.

6. Cover mulch: add mulch to the haystack surface after construction and sowing, which can be covered with old sacks, non-woven fabrics, straw curtains, old newspapers and so on. The old sack piece has the best effect because of its strong moisturizing property and easy to operate. It is generally possible to use a single layer, and a large area of cutting and cultivation can also be covered with grass curtains. The mulch on the haystack should always be kept moist to prevent the haystack from drying. Soak the sack slices in clean water, remove and drain the excess water and cover it on the haystack.

Management of the outbreak period of Pleurotus ostreatus

1. Moisture regulation of mushroom bed: straw must absorb enough water before building pile, which is the key to ensure sufficient humidity of mushroom bed. Within 20 days after sowing, generally do not spray water directly on the mushroom bed, usually replenish water is only sprayed on the cover, do not make the excess water into the material, which is beneficial to the mycelium growth in the pile. If the straw does not absorb enough water in the early stage, the straw will turn white and dry after the pile is built, resulting in a slow growth rate of mycelium.

2. Water regulation during the growth period: the mycelium should be sprayed with appropriate amount of water in the mycelium growth stage, and there was generally no or less water spraying in the first 20 days, and the amount of mycelium on the mushroom bed had obviously increased, occupying more than 1 / 2 of the culture material. for example, the grass on the surface of the mushroom bed should be sprayed properly when it is dry and white. The amount of water sprayed in different parts of the mushroom bed should also be different. The side around the mushroom bed should be sprayed more, and the middle part should be sprayed less or not. If the humidity on the mushroom bed has reached the requirements, do not spray water every day, otherwise it will cause mycelium decay.

3. Stack temperature regulation: 1-2 days after sowing, the heap temperature generally rises slightly, requiring the heap temperature to be 20-30 ℃, preferably controlled at about 25 ℃, so that the mycelium grows fast and robust. After building and sowing, the change of reactor temperature should be observed regularly every morning and afternoon, so that corresponding measures can be taken in time to prevent abnormal reactor temperature.

The method of covering soil with Pleurotus ostreatus

1. The time of covering soil: about 30 days after sowing, the hyphae are nearly full of culture material, and the soil can be covered on the surface at this time. Sometimes the surface culture material is dry and the hyphae can not be seen climbing onto the surface of the haystack. You can gently dig up the material surface and check the hyphae in the middle and lower layers. If the mycelia of the two adjacent inoculation points are close to each other, the soil can be covered at this time. The specific time of soil covering should also be treated differently in combination with different seasons and different climatic conditions.

2. Soil selection: the quality of the covered soil has a great influence on the yield of Pleurotus ostreatus. The covering material should be fertile and loose, be able to hold (absorb) water and remove carbon dioxide and other gases produced in the culture material. Humus soil has protective properties and aggregate structure, so it is suitable to be used as soil covering material. Foreign countries believe that 50% humus soil plus 50% peat soil, pH 5.7 can be used as a standard covering material, the actual cultivation of more local materials, the selection of loose pastoral loam.

3. Soil covering method: spread the prepared loam on the bacterial bed with a thickness of 2cm to 4cm, no more than 5cm at most, and need about 0.05 cubic meters of soil per square meter of bacterial bed. After covering the soil, the humidity of the overlying soil layer must be adjusted, and the water holding capacity of the soil is required to reach 360.37%. The simple test method of soil water holding capacity is to squeeze the soil particles by hand, and the soil particles become flat but not broken and do not stick to the hand, which means that the water content is appropriate.

4. Soil covering management: after covering the soil, the dry bacterial bed can be sprayed with water, and the fog droplets are required to be finer, so that the water wets the soil layer without entering the material. Under normal circumstances, the hyphae can be seen climbing up the overlying soil layer 2-3 days after covering the soil, and the main task after the covering is to adjust the humidity of the overlying soil layer. In order to prevent internal dampness and external dryness, it is best to use a wet upper cover. The amount of spraying water should be flexibly controlled according to the degree of dryness and wetness of the site and the weather. As long as the water content in the bacterial bed is appropriate, it is possible not to spray water at intervals of 1-2 days or more.

Pest control of Pleurotus ostreatus

1. Termites: Pleurotus ostreatus is strictly forbidden to be cultivated in places where there are many termites, and it is best not to continue cropping for many years, so as to avoid the breeding of pests.

2. Mites: in the process of cultivation, 0.5% dichlorvos cotton balls are dipped around the bacterial bed to ward off pests such as mites, jumping insects and mushroom mosquitoes, and can also be trapped and killed by newspapers, waste cloth and dipped in sugar or freshly roasted pig bones or oil cake powder. For jumping insects, a mixture of 1 part of honey, 10 parts of water and 90% of trichlorfon can be used for trapping and killing.

3. Ants: the ant nest found in the cultivation field or haystack should be killed by spraying medicine in time. If the red ant is red, it can be sprinkled with red ant net medicine powder in the place where there is an ant road. After eating, the ant can kill the whole nest, and the effect is very good. If it is a white ant, it can be sprayed into the nest with 1 gram of termite powder, which can be effective in about 5 to 7 days.

4. Slugs: slugs like to be born in a dark and humid environment, so they should choose cultivation grounds with higher terrain, convenient drainage and irrigation and shade of 50-70%. For the prevention and control of slugs, artificial hunting can be carried out by making use of its rule of sunshine and rain, or 10% salt water can be sprayed around the site to drive slugs away.

5. Rodent damage: in the outdoor cultivation field, rats often make nests in the haystack, destroying the bacterial bed, injuring the hyphae and mushroom buds, cutting off food or trapping them in the early stage, and dripping rat blood around the cultivation ground and beside the bacterial bed. let other rats see and escape.

Harvest and processing of Pleurotus ostreatus

1. Harvest time: Pleurotus ostreatus should be harvested in time according to maturity and market demand. It takes about 5 to 10 days for fruiting body to show white spot from bud to maturity, which varies with temperature. The growth rate is slow at low temperature, but the mushroom body is thick and it is not easy to open the umbrella. On the contrary, in high temperature, the flower shape is small and easy to open the umbrella. Three tide mushrooms can be harvested during the whole growing period, and the yield of the second tide is generally the highest, with an interval of about 15 to 25 days.

2. Harvest standard: when the bacterial fold of the fruiting body has not been broken or just broken, the appropriate harvest time is when the bacterial cover is bell-shaped, it should be harvested in the inside of the bacterial cap at the latest, when the bacterial fold is gray-white. If the bacterial fold changes to dark purplish gray or dark brown until it is mature, the harvest will reduce the commodity value when the cover is flat. The quality and taste of mushrooms with different maturity are very different, and those without umbrella opening are the best.

3. Harvest method: when the big ball cover mushroom reaches the harvest standard, grasp the lower part of the mushroom body with the thumb, index finger and middle finger, twist it slightly, and then pull it up after loosening. Be careful not to loosen the surrounding mushroom buds. After picking mushrooms, the holes left in the mushroom bed should be mended in time, and the residual mushrooms left on the bacterial bed should be removed so as not to attract insect pests and endanger health after decay. The mushroom feet with soil should be cut off from the collected mushrooms.

4. Fresh mushroom sales: fresh mushrooms harvested to remove residual soil and culture materials and other dirt, remove diseased and insect mushrooms, put them into bamboo or plastic baskets, and ship them to the point of sale as soon as possible. Fresh mushrooms are kept in a cool and ventilated place to avoid the appearance of fluffy aerial hyphae on the cover surface. The fresh mushrooms can be kept fresh for 2 to 3 days at 2-5 ℃, and the quality will decline after a long time.

5. Processing method

① drying: drying can refer to the dehydration method of mushroom slices and straw mushroom, using the method of artificial mechanical dehydration. Or after killing the fresh mushrooms, discharge them on the bamboo sieve and put them into the dehydrator to make the water content up to 11-13%. The dried Pleurotus ostreatus, which is dehydrated and dried, has strong flavor and good taste. The processing of umbrella mushroom by this method can improve the quality. It can also be dehydrated by baking, bake to 70-80% dry with 40 ℃, then heat up to 50-60 ℃ until the mushroom body is dry, and then put it into a plastic food bag in time after cooling to prevent dried mushrooms from returning to moisture and mildew.

② salinization: salinization can refer to the saltwater mushroom processing technology, using salinization method to process large ball cover mushroom. The mushroom body of the big ball cover mushroom is generally large, and it takes 8 to 12 minutes to kill the green, depending on the size of the mushroom. Usually cooked mushrooms sink in cold water, while raw mushrooms float. Fill the tank with one layer of salt and one layer of mushrooms, press the weight and then cover it. The salt water must not pass through the mushroom body. The concentration of salt water is Baume 22 degrees.

③ can making: the experts concerned think that this mushroom is suitable for processing and can be processed with reference to the processing method of mushroom. Due to the great difference in body size of Pleurotus ostreatus, high-quality and moderate-sized mushrooms should be selected as raw materials.