Planting and Management techniques of Tomato

Tomato spread from America to Europe in the 16th century as an ornamental, and then eaten as a vegetable. It belongs to Solanaceae and belongs to the same family as eggplant, pepper and potato. It is a temperature-loving and light-loving vegetable with less strict requirements on soil conditions, but in order to obtain high yield and promote good root system development, fertile loam with deep soil layer, good drainage and rich organic matter should be selected. Now let's take a look at the planting and management techniques of tomatoes.

Planting conditions of tomato

Tomato is a temperature-loving vegetable, with semi-drought-tolerant physiological characteristics such as temperature and cold, light and heat, dry air and excessive humidity, water and waterlogging. It is of great significance to increase the yield of tomato and increase the economic income of vegetable farmers by properly adjusting the living conditions suitable for vegetable growth, such as temperature, humidity, water, light, nutrition and other living conditions according to the local cultivation natural environment, so as to prevent and control all kinds of possible diseases and insect pests in time.

1. Temperature requirements of tomatoes: tomatoes have different temperature requirements in different growth periods. The most suitable temperature for seed germination is 25-30 degrees Celsius, the lowest germination temperature is 11 degrees Celsius, and the highest is 35 degrees Celsius. The seedling stage is suitable for 20-25 degrees Celsius during the day and 15-20 degrees Celsius at night. During the result period, 25-30 degrees Celsius during the day and 13-17 degrees Celsius at night, less than 15 degrees Celsius and higher than 35 degrees Celsius are not conducive to flowering and fruit setting.

2. Tomato requirements for light: tomatoes have different requirements for light in different growth stages, they do not need light in the germination stage, and sufficient light is required in the seedling stage in order to develop well. Lack of light will affect flower bud differentiation and flower pollination. In the fruiting period, more fruit was set with sufficient light, the fruit expanded quickly, and the fruit yield was affected by insufficient light. If the light was too strong and lasting, it would cause sunburn disease to the fruit.

3. Tomato's requirement for water: tomato has developed root strength, strong water absorption capacity, strong leaf evaporation, and is a drought-tolerant crop, that is, it needs a lot of water, grows fast in seedling stage, the soil should not be too wet, and watering should be controlled. Frequent watering is needed during flowering and fruiting. It is generally guaranteed to be irrigated once every 10 days, but do not cause dead roots by flooding. If watering is not timely or too controlled during the flowering period, it will cause a large area of navel rot, and too dry soil will also cause physiological leaf curling.

4. the requirements of tomatoes on soil: tomatoes are not strict with the soil, the thick soil layer has good drainage, the loam with strong air permeability, and the improved alkali soil of sandy loam can plant tomatoes.

5. Requirements for nutrients of tomatoes: the ratio of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) to three main elements in tomatoes is that at 2:1:2 nitrogen plays an important role in stem and leaf growth and fruit development. From flowering to fruit setting stage, the nitrogen uptake of plants gradually increased to the peak of nitrogen uptake at fruiting peak. Therefore, the plant must be supplemented with nitrogen fertilizer in time in order to have deep roots and luxuriant leaves. Tomato has little requirement for phosphorus, and the application of phosphorus fertilizer at seedling stage can promote flower bud differentiation and flower development. Tomato is a potassium-loving crop, which requires the highest amount of potassium, especially in the fruit expansion period can promote fruit development, expansion and coloring.

Preparation of tomato before planting

1, soil preparation: the cultivation of tomato fields should be turned in autumn to dry the soil, ploughing depth of about 30 cm. Soil drying can improve soil structure, improve water conservation capacity, reduce diseases and insects in soil, and create good conditions for root growth. Deep ploughing can improve the passing condition of soil, promote the activity of soil microorganisms, and is beneficial to the decomposition of soil nutrients. Even if the stubble is arranged frequently and it is difficult to dry the soil, we should try to dry the soil for as long as possible after harvesting and deep ploughing.

2. Making furrows (ridges): tomato planting beds can be divided into four types: high, flat, furrow and ridge. Local use of deep trench and high border cultivation. The general width of the border (continuous ditch) is 1.3-1.7 m, of which the width of the ditch is 0.3-0.5 m. The border (ridge) direction, south and parallel direction is better, and the plant receives more uniform light.

3. Seedling disinfection: the seedlings were sprayed with 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times or 75% mancozeb wettable powder before planting.

4. Apply sufficient base fertilizer

① applied 5000 kg of rotten organic fertilizer per mu, while adding 50 kg of superphosphate, combined with ploughing fertilizer soil, ploughing depth of 25-30 cm. High border or ridge cultivation is often used in open field cultivation. High border cultivation with plastic film, dark irrigation under plastic film and drip irrigation under plastic film were used in protected cultivation. High-border cultivation can be used in the middle of the border to open ditches and bury season high-quality stable manure, and farm manure 2000-3000 kg, plant ash 200kg, after the flat border, dig planting ditches on both sides of the high border, and then apply 200kg high-quality fertilizer or 20-25kg compound fertilizer.

The absorption rates of nitrogen and potassium and phosphorus of ② tomato plants were 40-50% and 20% respectively. Phosphate fertilizer plays an important role in the development of tomato fruit and seed, and also has a great influence on the cultivation of strong seedlings. Nitrogen fertilizer can promote the growth and development of stems, leaves and fruits, especially in the early stage of plant growth. Potash fertilizer can promote the transport of sugars to the fruit and enhance the disease resistance of the plant, delay the senescence of the plant, prolong the fruiting period, and improve the fruit quality.

③ tomatoes are very sensitive to fertilizer, and high fertilizer and sufficient water can achieve high yield. The type of fertilizer also has a great influence on the yield and quality of tomatoes. The order of advantages and disadvantages of all kinds of farm manure is: chicken and duck manure, sheep and rabbit manure, horse manure, cow manure. Human feces and urine should be used in conjunction with other fertilizers. No matter what kind of farm manure, it is necessary to fully ferment and mature, and do not apply raw manure to prevent root burning and infection of diseases and insect pests.

Planting method of tomato

Planting methods and plastic film mulching are best to choose sunny days without wind, high temperature, small soil water evaporation, easy to slow seedlings.

The main results are as follows: 1. Planting methods: the ways of planting seedlings are flat planting, furrow planting and planting. According to the order of irrigation, it is divided into "dry planting" (that is, planting seedlings before irrigation) and "water stable seedlings" (that is, irrigation before planting seedlings). Do not plant seedlings too deep or too shallow. Planting too deep, low soil temperature, is not conducive to root growth, slow seedling. The planting is too shallow, although the high soil temperature is beneficial to the root growth, it is unstable and the seedlings are easy to be washed away by irrigation or blown down by strong wind. In general, the planting depth should be flat or slightly deeper between the soil block and the surface. If the seedling is unruly due to improper management of the seedling bed or untimely planting, the stem end of the seedling can be planted southward in the shape of a boat bottom, so that the stem tip exposed on the soil is slightly inclined to the south, so as to reduce the height of the seedling on the ground, prevent sunburn and being blown by the wind, and promote adventitious root growth.

2. Plastic film mulching: in recent years, plastic film mulching has been widely used in tomato cultivation, which can increase soil temperature, reduce soil water evaporation, inhibit the growth of weeds and keep the soil loose, so as to speed up the speed of seedlings after planting and promote root growth. The method of planting seedlings covered with plastic film we generally lay plastic film first and then plant seedlings. The specific method is: cover the high border with plastic film first, cover it with soil around the country, then dig a hole to plant seedlings according to the distance between plants, and cover the seedlings strictly with soil around them.

3. Planting density

The precocious cultivation of ① in open field: the row spacing is 40-50 cm, the plant spacing is 23-26 cm, and about 5000 seedlings are planted per mu. Medium-ripe cultivation with row spacing of 50 cm, plant spacing of 26-33 cm, and about 4000 seedlings. Cultivated in the growing period of large frame, the row spacing is 66 cm, the plant spacing is 33 cm, and about 3000 seedlings are planted.

② protected cultivation: early maturing cultivation with 2-3 ear and fruit coring, with row spacing of 50 cm, plant spacing of 27 cm, and 5000 seedlings per mu. The medium-ripe cultivation with 3-4 spikes and fruits was planted with 4400 seedlings per mu with a row spacing of 50 cm and a plant spacing of 30 cm. Non-coring cultivation in long growing period (such as Dutch infinitely growing variety) has a row spacing of 80 cm, a plant spacing of 40 cm, and 2000 seedlings.

Tomato Fertilizer and Water Management

1. Formula fertilization

2-3 spikes can be fertilized once in each panicle when it is the size of ping-pong ball. Elevated cultivation, leaving a large number of fruit ears, can be in the first, third, fifth, seventh ear fruit table tennis size, respectively topdressing once. Combined with 1000 kg of rotten manure per mu, or 50 kg of rotten cake fertilizer, or 100kg of plant ash, or 25kg of potassium sulfate, or 25kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, it is best to use the above fertilizers alternately. The leaves were sprayed with 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.3% urea solution and 3-5% calcium chloride solution once every 10-15 days. Protected cultivation with carbon dioxide gas fertilizer, the concentration is 8-1200 ml / m3.

2. Water management

① watered thoroughly during planting, ploughed and loosened the soil frequently, watered the seedlings once after 5-7 days, and then continuously ploughed for 2-3 times. Squatting seedlings appropriately according to variety, seedling age, soil quality, soil moisture and seedling growth. For self-capped precocious varieties, older seedlings, aged seedlings, dry soil and sandy soil, the squatting seedling period should be short, and the squatting seedlings will end when the first ear has the size of pea grains. On the contrary, it will be longer, and the squatting seedlings will end when the first ear is the size of ping-pong ball.

When ② enters the result period, it is necessary to keep the soil moist, with a soil moisture content of 80%, watering every 6-7 days in the low temperature season and once every 3-4 days in the high temperature season. Irrigation should be uniform to avoid sudden dry and wet. Protected cultivation should be watered in the morning on a sunny day, and ventilation should be increased after watering.

The relative humidity of ③ air is controlled at 45-65%.

Song recipe for identifying tomato disease

The early epidemic has long black spots, and the disease spots are black and round. The late plague occurs quickly and invades the edge of the leaf first. The disease calls off the eggs, but the diseased fruit does not soften. Botrytis cinerea has black hairs, and the leaves are rotten first. The canker fruit is blistered and the stem is rotten. The navel rots the navel, and the dry ground is the source of the disease. Wilt leaves, vascular bundles browning. The virus should be prevented early and do not wait for long spots.

Control techniques of Diseases and insect pests in Tomato

1. Tomato early blight: tomato early blight is also called spot disease, the spot is round or nearly round, dark brown, mainly harms tomato leaves, sometimes harms stems and fruits, high temperature and humidity is easy to occur, the pathogen is fungal semi-known bacteria. To timely ventilation and dehumidification to reduce the occurrence of early blight, the prevention and control of early blight can be prevented by 75% chlorothalonil or 50% isomarbazide according to 600 times spray or treatment effect, and the smoke shed can be fumigated with chlorothalonil aerosol.

2. Tomato late blight: tomato late blight is a fungal oomycete, which becomes the most important control object of tomato because of its rapid and destructive disease. generally, the late blight invades from the leaf margin, and then develops into black-brown spots, and infects the stem and fruit, causing the stem to turn black-brown around the stem for a week, the fruit does not soften, and then turns dark brown after the first oil-soaked dark green. Germs are spread by wind, rain and watering, with low temperature, high humidity, large ventilation and poor disease. Late blight can be controlled by 600 times frost spray. When the disease is serious, enoylmorpholine plus quasi-energy spray can be used to control late blight, and smoke agent can be used to fumigate the shed.

3. Tomato cotton blight: tomato cotton blight is a fungal egg disease, commonly known as "egg drop". Chlorosis spots occurred in the newly diseased leaves, followed by water-immersed rot, and the fruit disease mostly occurred in the shoulder. After the appearance of light brown disease spots, the disease spots gradually appeared, and cotton white mildew grew in high humidity. The disease of cotton blight is serious in high temperature and high humidity or high ground temperature and humidity. The prevention and control of cotton blight can be controlled by the same kind of medicine as the prevention and control of late blight, which can be controlled by spraying downy mildew and copper succinate, or by spraying Daliang plus enylmorpholine.

4. Botrytis cinerea of tomato: Botrytis cinerea is a fungal half-knowledge fungus. The pathogen first infects flowers and styles, and then infects leaves and fruits. Leaf pathogens begin to develop in a triangle from the leaf tip, with dark brown spots and long black hairs. The fruit first rotted from the stalk to produce black hair. Botrytis cinerea is the second most serious disease after late blight. In overcast and rainy days, high humidity and dew often occur in the shed with low temperature. It is necessary to ventilate and drain the moisture in time. The ash disease can be controlled by 600-fold spray or 600-fold spray, and the aerosol can be fumigated with gray molds.

5. Tomato leaf mildew: tomato leaf mold is a fungal half-known fungus, which mainly harms the leaves, with irregular macula on the front of the diseased leaves and a velvet layer of chloasma on the back of the leaves. The best prevention and control of leaf mold is the best, safest and no side effects (more than 10% of antimycin) according to the prescribed dose of spray city or Yexiu. 70% methyl topiramate or 50% carbendazim can be used to prevent and reduce the occurrence of leaf mold.

6. Tomato bacterial canker: tomato canker is a kind of bacteria, which mainly harms the stem and fruit. The disease is mostly immersed in the wound, and the bacteria spread rapidly in the stem bark, until the pith fester and turn brown and die. There is a white halo with herpes on the fruit surface, also known as "bird's eye disease" or "circle disease". The prevention and treatment of bacterial ulcer disease can usually be prevented by leaf fumazol, and the control effect of Daliang 600 times plus Xunbu 600 times can be used in serious plots.

7. Tomato bacterial spot disease: the spot disease includes sesame spot disease, spot disease and edge blight, which mainly harms the leaves. Bacterial spot disease leaves often appear small round or polygonal brown spots, which are dense and transparent. Rutong (green milk copper) 600 times spray or Daliang 600 times spray can be used to control bacterial diseases.

8. Tomato virus disease: there are 6 types of tomato virus disease: mosaic type, fern leaf type, curly leaf type, yellow top type, giant bud type and stripe type. The main pathogens of tomato virus are tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV). In addition to seed-borne virus diseases, there are generally aphids, planthoppers, thrips and other pests as virus transmission vectors. To prevent and cure virus disease, it is necessary to thoroughly remove weeds near the countryside and eliminate insects inside and outside the shed. Seeds can be disinfected by soaking seeds with 10% trisodium phosphate for 45 minutes, then rinse them out with clean water and sprout after drying. After the occurrence of the virus disease, the control effect of Kangdufeng (5% mushroom proteoglycan water agent) 300 times plus lobular enemy 500 times plus Shuojin 808 (0.1% brassinolide) is very good.

9. Tomato Fusarium wilt: tomato wilt includes Fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt. The unified symptom of Fusarium wilt is that the leaves wilt recover sooner or later at noon. If the disease is serious, it is difficult to recover and die in the morning. When the diseased stem is cut open, it can be seen that the vascular bundles turn brown and the moisture nutrition is blocked and cannot be transported normally. For the prevention and control of Fusarium wilt in the early stage, one package of fusarium wilt can be sprayed in one barrel and once every 10 days. It is found that the diseased plants can be prevented by 600 times of methyl fusarium phosphate plus 30 jin of water, or by irrigating roots alone with loamine copper.

10. Tomato navel rot: the symptom of tomato navel rot is water-immersed rot at the navel of the fruit, which is a physiological disease. The drought in the greenhouse for a long time, especially without watering during the fruit setting period, and pouring a large amount of water after setting the fruit will cause serious and a large number of navel rot, so uneven watering is the main cause of navel rot. Second, the lack of calcium in the land is also the root cause of navel rot, and the necrotic fruit occurs in the growth point of the land. For the greenhouse caused by calcium deficiency, it is suggested to use the Merrill Lynch calcium bottled water agent produced by Shaanxi Baoji to control the disease.

11. Whitefly: can spray 70% imidacloprid (Jinsha) plus buprofezin plus 1000 times damage to Liping eggs.

12. Root-knot nematode: Shenzhen Rui Defeng 3% avermectin 1000 times per plant has a good control effect.

Special prescription for Disease Control of Tomato

1. Early blight: isocourea 600 times plus Lanxin 600 times to damage Liping 1000 times spray.

2. Late blight: 50% enylmorpholine can damage Liping 1000 times.

3. Cotton blight. Bingson cream urea cyanide 600x plus Jiebao 600x damage Liping 1000 times spray.

4. Botrytis cinerea: Sukeling 600x plus love 600x damage Liping 1000 times spray.

5. Leaf mold. In the list 600 times more than 3000 times damage Liping 1000 times spray.

6. Virus disease: Kangdufeng 300 times plus lobular enemy 500 times plus Shuojin 808 a small packet of spray.

7. Ulcer disease. Daliang 600x plus fast fill 600x damage Liping 1000 times spray.

8. Fusarium wilt: Tyson 500 times plus copper 600 times irrigated root or prevented by detoxification spray.

Symptoms of deficiency of trace elements in tomato

1. Nitrogen deficiency: the old leaves fade to yellow or light green, and the plant grows slowly.

2. Phosphorus deficiency: chlorosis and purplish red seedling growth was hindered between stem and leaf veins.

3. Potassium deficiency: the chlorotic leaf margin between the veins of the old leaf turns yellow or the color of the curled fruit is slow.

4. Magnesium deficiency: chlorosis between veins grows dense macular barge leaves, especially the old leaves.

5. Lack of calcium: the young leaves at the growing point dry up and produce navel rotten fruit.

6. Boron deficiency: it is easy to cause yellowing or necrosis of the growing point, difficult to set fruit, easy to crack fruit.

7. Iron deficiency: the veins of young leaves fade green and turn yellow, and the veins remain green.

Tomato commonly used hormones, regulators, micro-fertilizer, foliar fertilizer

1. 2.4Mel D: the flower must be used, and the dosage varies according to the change of temperature.

2. Gibberellin: 1 jin of water can be used for 2 ml to improve fruit setting and expansion.

3. Tomato promoter: it can effectively control the growth of plants and enhance the transport of nutrients to flowers and fruits to increase production.

4. Shuojin 808: enhance plant strength, increase fruit surface thick green, increase fruit weight and increase yield.

5. Kangludan: it has a special effect on repairing yellow leaves, curled leaves, mosaic leaves and rotten roots of tomatoes.

6. Lvfeng 95: advanced foliar fertilizer, which can be used to relieve drug damage and restore growth.

7. Cytokinin: activate physiological cell division, improve fruit setting, restore leaf green, and promote flower bud growth.

8. Baofeng: spraying flowers at flowering stage can greatly increase the rate of fruit setting, and spraying at young fruit stage can accelerate the expansion of fruit.

9. Merrill Lynch calcium: it has a special effect on the prevention and treatment of physiological diseases caused by iron deficiency.

10. Xeroboron: spraying flowers at flowering stage, increasing the rate of fruit setting and preventing fruit cracking.