Planting techniques of Agaricus blazei Murrill

Agaricus blazei has been planted in large areas in Japan, the United States, Brazil and other countries. Japan uses the "mushroom room cultivation method", covering compost with straw and bagasse as the main substrate, making a bed, sowing at the bottom of the bed, about 35-40 days after fruiting, fruiting period lasts 3-4 months, each tide fruiting cycle 10 days, each square meter can produce fresh mushrooms about 10 kg. China introduced Agaricus blazei Murill from Japan in 1992. At present, the production of Agaricus blazei Murill in China is mainly concentrated in Fujian Province, and more than 5 kg of fresh mushrooms can be collected from 1 square meter.

Agaricus blazei is a valuable new variety due to its good export prospect and high exchange rate. The coastal plain of North China can be planted from early April to mid-May. Outdoor greenhouse three-dimensional cultivation of Agaricus blazei, labor and material saving, less investment, high yield, easy management, convenient operation, strong heat preservation and moisture retention capacity, good dimming and ventilation, easy technology, simple planting mode. The cultivation methods and techniques of Agaricus blazei and Agaricus bisporus are basically similar and can be referred to. The planting techniques are described as follows:

planting material

The most suitable planting material for Agaricus blazei Murill is bagasse. Straw, wheat straw, cottonseed hulls, corn stalks, thatch, sawdust, etc. can also be used as raw materials for planting. In the above one or several kinds of mixed raw materials, appropriate to add some cow dung (horse manure), poultry and a small amount of fertilizer.

Agaricus blazei Murrill planting materials reference Agaricus bisporus planting process, through accumulation, fermentation, turning pile, made suitable for Agaricus blazei Murrill growth culture.

planting season

According to the biological characteristics of Agaricus blazei Murrill, the planting season is generally arranged in late spring, early summer and autumn. Spring planting is around Qingming Festival (March-May), autumn planting is after the beginning of autumn (September-November). Low altitude areas can be extended to April-May sowing, June-July harvest mushrooms.

In short, after sowing, after 40-50 days to start fruiting, the temperature can reach 20-28℃ is good. Different climatic conditions, sowing time should be flexible control.

planting technology

Agaricus blazei mushroom seed is also denominator species, original seed and planting species, which can be produced according to the seed production method of Agaricus bisporus. PDA medium is used for mother seed; wheat grain medium is generally used for original seed and planting seed.

1. Building a pile

Soak straw or cottonseed hull in water, pre-wet, and fully stir with rice bran, sawdust, livestock manure and other raw and auxiliary materials to build piles. The width of the pile is 80-90 cm.

2. Turn over the pile

The pre-stacking time is about 7 days, and the material temperature rises to about 70-75℃, and the first stacking should be carried out. Ammonium sulfate or urea is added into the culture medium when the pile is turned over, and the nitrogen source which can be utilized by Agaricus blazei Murrill is transformed through fermentation with the help of microorganisms. During the pre-stacking period, the fermentation in the middle layer of the pile was better and the temperature of the material was higher, but the culture material around was not fully fermented. When turning over the pile, fully turn over, turn the middle culture material on the periphery, and stack the peripheral culture material to the center of the pile.

After 5 days, the second pile turning is carried out, and the pile turning is carried out at intervals of 4 days, 4 days and 3 days (the pile turning is carried out for 5 times in total, and the fermentation time is 23-25 days). In order to make the fermentation inside and outside the pile uniform, the middle culture material should be turned outside the pile, and the outer culture material should be piled to the middle. After fermentation, the culture medium turns brown, the fiber is easy to break by hand, and the fermentation is completed. The moisture content of the compost after fermentation is about 60 - 75%. When the pH value is high or low, calcium superphosphate or hydrated lime can be used for adjustment. In order to produce uniform, fully mature, high-quality culture medium, turning pile is a very important process, can not be careless.

3. Feed bed

Agaricus blazei can be grown indoors or outdoors. Indoor planting can be built 4-6 layers of bed, can also use the open mushroom room, frame bed, fully mature culture material evenly, not loose not tight ground mushroom bed, thickness of 20 cm is appropriate. After the culture material is put on the bed, secondary fermentation is carried out, that is, the inlet and outlet of the mushroom house and the vent are closed, the temperature of the mushroom house is raised to 55-60 DEG C, and the temperature is kept for about 2 days, and the seeds are sown when the temperature of the material is reduced to 25 DEG C. Field planting is carried out under shade, with a width of 1.3 meters and an arbitrary length. Shed height 2-2.3 meters, shed roof and surrounding with grass curtain, shade net shade,(four sun and four shade requirements), bed into turtle-back shape, the middle is slightly higher than the surrounding, and open a good drainage ditch. If planting in mountainous areas, flood control ditches should also be opened. Chemical pesticides are sprayed on the surface of the bed to kill pests. Then spread the fully mature culture material on the bed, the thickness is generally 20-25 cm (calculated by dry material, about 16-20 kg of culture material per square meter).

4. Sowing and management

Gently crush the wheat seed, evenly sprinkle 2/3 on the culture medium surface, shake the seed with a fork properly, sprinkle 1/3 on the bed surface, and finally spread about 1 cm of culture medium to cover the seed. The sowing quantity is 1-2 bottles per square meter.

After outdoor planting and sowing, the bed should be covered with plastic film to keep warm and moist. After sowing 5 days do not need to open the film generally, also do not need to spray water, the 6th day to open the film ventilation. The relative humidity of air is 85~90%. If the material surface is dry, spray water to moisturize it. Under normal circumstances, ventilation once every 2 days.

Indoor planting should also pay attention to the temperature and humidity changes in the mushroom house. Do a good job of keeping warm and moisturizing, and make fresh air pass into the mushroom room more, do not make the mushroom room feel stuffy every day.

5. Soil covering

The covering time is after the mycelium of Agaricus blazei survives in the culture medium. Generally, about 20 days after sowing, the mycelium grows to 2/3 of the whole culture material and begins to be covered with soil. The quality of soil particles and the method of covering soil have great influence on the yield of Agaricus blazei Murrill. Therefore, covering soil is a very important job in planting. The soil particles used for covering the soil should not be too hard, do not contain fertilizer, fresh, water retention, good ventilation performance, large soil particles are the best, the domestic general selection of subsoil, water content of 70~75%.

Covering can be done in either a tiled or "geared" manner. That is, first cover a layer of soil particles about 1 cm thick on the material surface, and make a ridge 10 cm wide and 5 cm high at intervals of 10~15 cm, with a thickness of about 3-4 cm. Field planting should be inserted into the curved bow shape with bamboo sticks on both sides of the bed, and then covered with plastic film to make it grow in microclimate. The temperature in the mask should not exceed 30℃, if it is too high, the film should be removed to cool down, and the relative humidity should not be lower than 85%.

6. Mushroom management

Whether the management during fruiting period is appropriate or not, it will cause significant increase or decrease in production. Therefore, it must be carefully managed. Agaricus blazei mycelium in the medium spread after the start of fruiting. Generally about 40 days after sowing, hyphae develop strongly, and a few climb to the upper layer. At this time, the bed surface should be sprayed with water, the relative humidity in the film is required to be 90~95%, and after 2 days of covering the film, white rice-shaped mushroom buds will appear on the soil surface, and then grow into soybean-shaped, 3 days later, when the mushroom buds grow to 2-3 cm in diameter, water spraying should be stopped to avoid causing mushroom (bud) body deformity, which is the key to water management. When fruiting, it consumes a lot of oxygen and expels carbon dioxide. Therefore, ventilation must be paid great attention to during fruiting period. The film shall be removed for ventilation 1~2 times a day for no less than 30 minutes. After ventilation, the film shall continue to be covered with moisture to promote the normal growth of mushroom buds. In rainy weather, the cover film can be opened around for ventilation to prevent mushroom buds from rotting.

The best temperature for fruiting period is 20-25℃. If early spring sowing, when the temperature is low, can cover tight film insulation moisture, and shorten the ventilation time and frequency. When the temperature exceeds 28℃ in early summer, you can thicken the shade on the shade, open the cover all day for ventilation, and create a cooler climate. When planting indoors, pay attention to the shading of doors and windows, and ventilate in the morning and evening. The fruiting cycle is generally 10 days. After the fruiting is over, modify the shape of the bed, and then spray water to supplement the moisture of the bed, so as to prepare for the next fruiting. Mushrooms can last for 3-4 months, and can be harvested batch by batch (usually 4-5 batches). Water should be sprayed with well water or spring water.

pest control

Agaricus blazei has the ability to resist miscellaneous bacteria and is almost not damaged by infected bacteria. However, we should pay great attention to ventilation and ventilation, and avoid making the mushroom room and the surface of the bed too wet. The harmful bacteria are often found before and after covering the soil, and it is best to burn them with a blowtorch when they occur.

The pests of Agaricus blazei Murill include mushroom flies, mushroom moths, nematodes, etc. If post-fermentation is complete, it almost always prevents pests from occurring. If pests occur, they can be burned with a blowtorch or fumigated with aluminum phosphide when agaricus blazei does not occur or ceases to occur.

Harvesting and processing

The suitable harvest time of Agaricus blazei Murill is the budding stage before the cap leaves the stipe, that is, the cap has not opened the umbrella, the surface is brown, there are fibrous scales, and the inner bacterial membrane of the pleat has not been ruptured. If the bacterial membrane is broken, the spores on the pleats gradually mature, and the pleats will turn black after drying, reducing the value of the commodity.

Fresh mushrooms can be preserved or salted after harvest. If it is dried, it should be according to the customer's requirements, some are placed in the dryer to dry; some are cut in half from the cover to the handle, and the finished product is dried. Dry products smell fragrant, white pleats, with transparent plastic bags packed in paper or according to customer requirements.