Planting technique of Auricularia auricula

Auricularia auricula is a kind of gelatinous edible and medicinal fungus with high quality and delicious taste. The producing area of Auricularia auricula in China is divided into three pieces: northeast piece-Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang. Central China-Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Henan, Hebei, Hubei. Southern films-Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Shanghai. Auricularia auricula is delicate, crisp and nutritious. Its protein content is much higher than that of ordinary vegetables and fruits. And contains essential amino acids and a variety of vitamins. The content of vitamin B is ten times higher than that of rice, noodles and vegetables, and 3 times higher than that of meat. The content of iron is 100 times higher than that of meat. The content of calcium is 70 times that of meat, and the content of phosphorus is also higher than that of eggs and meat, and 7 times higher than that of tomatoes and potatoes.

Auricularia auricula has the functions of moisturizing and strengthening, clearing lung and tonifying qi, sedation and relieving pain, cleaning stomach and intestines, etc., and its polysaccharides also have significant anti-tumor activity. It is a commonly used prescription in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cold and damp waist and leg pain, hand and foot cramps and numbness, hemorrhoid bleeding, dysentery, gonorrhea and postpartum weakness. It is a health food for textile, cement, mining, cleaners and chemical plant workers. The nucleotides in Auricularia auricula can reduce the content of cholesterol in the blood. therefore, in 1980, American businessmen suggested that China should grind Auricularia auricula into powder or particles as medicine to enter the American market. They are optimistic about the sales prospect of Auricularia auricula as a drug in the United States, because heart and vascular diseases have become the number one disease in the United States. The medicinal use of Auricularia auricula has been studied for a long time in China. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in the Ming Dynasty wrote: "…... Break the valley to treat hemorrhoids. , leakage in the collapse, blood dysentery and blood.

Because Auricularia auricula has high nutritional value and medicinal value, it is very popular in international and domestic markets, and the products are in short supply. The output of Auricularia auricula in China ranks first in the world, is a traditional major export specialty, and enjoys a high reputation in the international market. Therefore, to fully explore the rational use of natural forest resources and crop straw in mountain areas and vigorously develop the production of Auricularia auricula is of great practical significance to revitalize the local economy and expand foreign trade exports.

In the early days, the producing areas of Auricularia auricula in China were cultivated by the old method, some with the help of the natural spread of Auricularia auricula spores, some with the help of mycelial spread of Auricularia auricula, and some were inoculated with broken Auricularia auricula. In the 1950s, Chinese scientists successfully cultivated pure bacteria and applied them to production, which changed the state of semi-artificial cultivation for a long time, not only shortened the production cycle of Auricularia auricula, but also doubled the output and significantly improved the quality.

Since the 1970s, the research on substitute cultivation of Auricularia auricula has been carried out in China, and now it has been used in production. Auricularia auricula substitute cultivation is the use of sawdust, corn stamens, rice straw as raw materials, glass bottles, plastic bags and other containers to cultivate Auricularia auricula. Substitute cultivation is a promising cultivation method because of its rich resources, high yield and short cycle.

Biological characteristics of Auricularia auricula

In plant classification, Auricularia auricula belongs to fungal phylum, basidiomycetes, heterobasidiomycetes, Tremella, Auriculaceae, Auricularia auricula.

In recent years, foreign countries also attach great importance to the production of Auricularia auricula, but except Japan, the Auricularia auricula produced abroad is not really Auricularia auricula, but mostly its relative species-Auricularia auricula. Because the growth environment of Auricularia auricula is the same as that of Auricularia auricula, it is widely distributed in China, and its appearance is also very similar to that of Auricularia auricula, so it is often mistaken for Auricularia auricula in China.

The fruit body of Auricularia auricula is thick and thick, and its cultivation and production is easier than that of Auricularia auricula, and its yield is much higher than that of Auricularia auricula, but its quality is lower than that of Auricularia auricula, and its quality is far inferior to that of Auricularia auricula.

Morphological characteristics of Auricularia auricula

In nature, Auricularia auricula grows laterally on dead wood, and it is composed of mycelium, fruiting body and basidiospore.

1. Mycelium: the mycelium of Auricularia auricula is composed of many villous hyphae with transverse septum and branches. Uninucleate hyphae can only be observed under the microscope. Mycelium is the vegetative organ of Auricularia auricula that decomposes and absorbs nutrients and grows on wooden sticks, substitutes or inclined culture medium. if grown on wooden sticks, the wood becomes loose and white. Growing on the slope, the mycelium is gray-white fluffy attached to the surface. If the culture is carried out on a plate with a petri dish, the mycelium grows around with the inoculation block as the center, forming a round colony, the colony edge is neat, and the mycelium grows under strong light. Brown pigment is secreted to make the culture brown, and yellow or light brown appears on the surface of the mycelium. In addition, the mycelium gradually senescence after too long culture time will show the same characteristics as that cultured in strong light.

2. Fruiting body: also known as the edible part of basidium fruit, which is a colloid intertwined by many hyphae. It is granular at birth and cup-shaped when young, and gradually extends into a flat wave shape in the process of growth, namely the ear piece. The ear piece is divided into dorsal abdomen, hairy back and smooth seed layer on the ventral side, which will produce basidiospores in a suitable environment. The fruiting body is elastic when fresh, crisp and hard when dry, and darker in color.

3. Basidiospores: usually a nuclear unit structure, reniform, about 9 mi 14 microns long and 5 mi 6 microns wide. A layer of white powder can be seen when a large number of basidiospores gather together.

The growth process of Auricularia auricula

The growth and development of Auricularia auricula is composed of basidiospores-mycelium-fruiting bodies-basidiospores, which is called a life cycle or a generation.

The sexual reproduction of Auricularia auricula is carried out in the way of heterogamy, and its life history can only be completed by the combination of different mating types of hyphae. Auricularia auricula is a heterogenous bipolar mating system, which is a single factor control, with "ten" and "one" different genders. Basidiospores of different sexes germinate under suitable conditions to produce uninucleate hyphae, which are called primary hyphae.

The primary hyphae are multinucleated at the initial stage and soon separate, dividing the hyphae into multiple mononuclear cells. When two uninucleate hyphae with "ten" and "one" are combined for nuclear combination, binucleated secondary hyphae, also known as binucleate hyphae, are produced.

Each cell of the secondary hyphae contains two nuclei of different nature. the binuclear hyphae combine in a lock so that the two daughter cells of the division contain the same binuclear as the mother cell. It is stronger than primary hyphae, has faster growth rate and stronger vitality. The artificially cultivated strain is the secondary hyphae.

The secondary hyphae absorb a large amount of nutrients and water from the surrounding environment, propagate in large quantities, and the hyphae are wound alternately. The dense hyphae growing in the matrix constitute the white villi visible to the naked eye, which is the mycelium. After a certain period of time, the mycelium gradually transformed into the fruiting body of the vegetative body, and the fruiting body primordium grew on the substrate. By absorbing a large amount of nutrients and water from the matrix, a gelatinous and elastic black auricularia fruiting body is gradually formed.

A mature fruiting body that produces a rod-shaped basidium on its ventral side. The basidium protrudes branchlets from the sides of the four cells, and the branchlets regenerate basidiospores. Basidiospores are bounced by ion bodies through special ejection organs on the fruiting body, disperse by the wind, find a suitable matrix and start a new generation of life cycle. Under suitable conditions, the life history of the whole generation takes about 60 mi 90 days to complete.

Growth conditions of Auricularia auricula

The growth and development conditions of Auricularia auricula include nutrition, temperature, moisture, air, light and suitable pH.

1. Nutrition

The nutritional source of Auricularia auricula depends entirely on the hyphae absorbed from the matrix. Mycelium can secrete a variety of enzymes in the process of growth. The complex substances in the culture material are decomposed into substances that can be easily absorbed by Auricularia auricula mycelium by the action of enzymes. Auricularia auricula is a saprophytic fungus whose nutritional source depends on organic matter, that is, decomposition and absorption from the phloem and xylem of dead trees, a variety of ready-made carbohydrates, nitrogenous substances and inorganic salts, so as to obtain the energy needed for growth and development. When the tree species with strong regeneration ability are first cut down, the tissue is not dead, so the organic matter can not be decomposed by the mycelium of Auricularia auricula, and the mycelium of Auricularia auricula can not reproduce.

When using sawdust, cottonseed hull, corn stamens, bean straw and rice straw as culture materials, rice bran or wheat bran are often added to increase nitrogen sources and vitamins to facilitate the growth and reproduction of mycelium. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen suitable for the growth and development of Auricularia auricula is 20:1.

2. Temperature

Different varieties have different requirements for humidity. For example, the requirement of suitable temperature for mycelium growth of "Hur No.1" is lower, while that of "Hur No.2" is higher. The temperature requirements of the same variety are also different in different development stages, and the temperature requirements of bacteria in different regions are also different. Understanding and mastering the temperature requirements of Auricularia auricula in each stage is the basis of artificial cultivation and management.

The temperature requirement of ① Auricularia auricula spore germination: the spore germination of Auricularia auricula was the fastest at 22 ℃ and 23 ℃, and no spores were produced below 4 ℃ and above 30 ℃.

② temperature requirements for mycelial growth of Auricularia auricula: mycelial growth has strong adaptability to temperature. It can grow and reproduce at 5 Mel 35 ℃, and the optimum temperature is 20 Mel 28 ℃. The mycelium could keep its vitality at the low temperature of minus 40 ℃. But it can not stand the high temperature of more than 36 ℃.

The temperature requirement of ③ Auricularia auricula fruiting body development: the occurrence range of fruiting body is about 15mur32 ℃, and the optimum temperature is 15Mel 22 ℃. The formation temperature of fruiting body is related to the region. generally, the varieties in the south are about 5 ℃ higher than those in the north. In the growth temperature range of Auricularia auricula, when the temperature difference between day and night is large, the mycelium is strong, the fruiting body is large, the ear piece is thick, and the temperature is on the high side, the mycelium grows fast, but the vitality is weak, the color of the fruiting body is light, and the quality is poor.

3. Moisture

Auricularia auricula has certain requirements on the relative humidity of the air and the content of water in the matrix. The moisture content of artificial culture medium is 60%, and the mycelium of Auricularia auricula requires about 40% water content in the growth. In the mycelial growth stage, the relative humidity of the air in the culture room should be controlled at 50 / 70%. In the fruiting body formation period, it is sensitive to the relative humidity of the air, which is required to reach more than 90%. If it is less than 70%, the fruiting body is not easy to form. The fruiting body needs to absorb a lot of water when it grows, so it is sprayed several times a day. The mycelium has strong drought tolerance, and the mycelium will not die if it does not rain for a hundred days during cultivation. In the artificial cultivation of Auricularia auricula, the dry, dry and wet water management meets the requirements of the growth and development of Auricularia auricula.

4. Air

Auricularia auricula is an aerobic saprophytic fungus that absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide in the process of metabolism. The air requirement of Auricularia auricula can not be considered in open-air cultivation, but in indoor cultivation and mycelium culture, attention should be paid to aeration and avoid poor growth caused by excessive water content in the culture medium.

5. Light

The mycelium of Auricularia auricula needs to grow in dark or dim light. But the fruiting body cannot be formed under completely dark conditions. If the light is not enough, the fruiting body develops abnormally. The fruiting body can grow normally under the condition of 400 candlelight.

6. acidity and alkalinity

The optimum range of ph for mycelial growth was 5mur6.5. In general, when sawdust medium is prepared, 1% calcium sulfate or calcium carbonate can automatically adjust PH to slightly acidic.

Cultivation techniques of Linden wood

The cultivation method of Auricularia auricula is mainly to cut the branches of broad-leaved trees suitable for the growth of Auricularia auricula into suitable wood segments, inoculate Auricularia auricula strains on the wood segments, and cultivate them in a suitable growth environment.

1. Ear field selection and cleaning

Auricularia auricula is the site of artificial cultivation of Auricularia auricula, and its conditions should be based on meeting the living conditions of Auricularia auricula. Only by meeting the temperature, water and light conditions needed for the growth and development of Auricularia auricula can a bumper harvest be obtained.

Choice of ① ear field: ear field should be selected in the ear tree resources, warm, humid place, the location should be north to south, elevation to 500 Mustang 1000 meters of semi-alpine area is appropriate, the ground has short grass, air circulation and gentle slope near the water source, such a site is relatively warm, fog, humidity, warm in winter and cool in summer, conducive to the growth and development of Auricularia auricula, management is also labor-saving and convenient. Where there is a turning head mountain, it is not suitable to be chosen as an ear field by the sewer or up and down the hill. The former has insufficient sunshine and poor ventilation conditions, while the latter has too much wind is not conducive to moisturizing. Trees should be shaded above the ear field.

Cleaning of the ② ear field: after the ear field is selected, cut off the thorn rattan weeds and retain the ground fur, shallow grass and moss, which is not only conducive to ventilation and light, but also conducive to the ear field moisture. It can also avoid soil pollution of fungus. If the canopy density is too high, part of the branches should be shaved off to create reasonable light transmission conditions. Drainage ditches should be dug above and on both sides to prevent stagnant water in the ear field. After cleaning up the site, sprinkle some lime and pesticides to disinfect the ear field.

2. Preparation of Duan Mu

(1) the choice of ear field

The selection of ear tree includes tree species, tree age and diameter, site conditions and so on.

① ear tree species: there are many kinds of ear trees, but different tree species or the same tree species grow in different environments, and there is a great difference in ear production due to different texture and nutrients. Ear trees generally choose moderate bark thickness, not easy to peel off, well-developed sapwood, strong affinity between trees and Auricularia auricula, which can not only produce ears, but also obtain high-yield tree species. Commonly used are sesame oak, cork oak, green bar oak, park tree, maple incense, poplar, maple, elm, Tilia, red poplar, white birch, maple, Robinia pseudoacacia, mulberry, wild jujube, acacia, yellow lotus, raspberry and so on. Broad-leaved trees containing turpentine and alcohol ether germicides such as Lauraceae and benzoin can not be used to cultivate Auricularia auricula. Among the trees suitable for the cultivation of Auricularia auricula, the trees with loose wood, good permeability and easy to receive and store water are early, more and grow faster after inoculation. In the autumn of that year, more fruiting bodies can grow and can be harvested several times. It was abundant in the second year, but there was basically no harvest in the third year, while the tree species with hard wood produced less in the same year, but the years of producing fungus were long.

② tree age and tree diameter: shell bucket trees such as Quercus variabilis, Quercus variabilis, etc., the appropriate age of felled trees is 8-10 years, and the best DBH is 10 cm. The production practice has proved that the small diameter wood with a diameter of 6ml / 10cm has the highest yield and good economic benefits. The age of the tree is too young, although it can come out early, but because of its thin bark, smooth bark, poor moisture retention and poor water absorption, the yield is low due to less nutrients in the wood. On the contrary, the tree is too old, the cortex is thick, the heartwood is large, and the yield is low.

③ site conditions: it is better to choose the trees growing on the sunny slope and the mountain with thick soil, because the trees growing on the sunny slope and the mountain with thick soil grow fast, the wood is loose, and there are many nutrients; on the contrary, the trees growing on the shady slope and barren mountain grow slowly, the wood is hard, and the nutrients are insufficient.

2. Cut down trees

It is better to cut down trees between the Winter Solstice and the Beginning of Spring. During this period, the trees enter the stage of "hibernation". The sap in the trees is in a stagnant state, rich in nutrition, less water content, close combination between cortex and wood, and less diseases and insect pests. When cutting down, in order to concentrate the nutrition on the stem, when cutting down the tree, make the top of the tree fall uphill as much as possible. In order to accelerate the evaporation of water in the stem, the branches and leaves are retained for a period of time before shaving, usually for 10 days to half a month. For big trees, the tree species with high moisture content should keep branches for a long time, and vice versa. Leave a little protruding razor when shaving, and don't keep it too long. When shaving branches, thicker branches can still be used with earwood.

After shaving, the stalk is sawed into 1.2m pieces of wood, then stacked in the shape of a "well" to dry in a high, ventilated and sunny place. When stacking, pieces of wood of different thickness should be stacked separately. Leave a gap between the heap to facilitate the ventilation frame. In the process of drying in the frame, turn the pile every 10 miles every 15 days, and adjust the wood up and down, inside and outside to facilitate uniform drying. Should not be exposed to the sun and rain when drying, so it should be covered. When the two ends of the wood change color and the percussion sound becomes brittle, it should be inoculated and cultivated. When the beginner is inexperienced and difficult to master, you can use the weighing method to weigh the wet wood first. it is appropriate to inoculate every 100 jin of wet wood to only 70 jin 80 jin. If the Linden wood is too dry, the moisture of the strain will be absorbed quickly after inoculation, which will affect the air permeability of the wood and hinder the extension of the hyphae inward, but the wood is too wet and easy to produce mold.

Artificial inoculation of Duan Mu

Artificial inoculation is a process of transferring the cultivated bacteria to the section of wood. It is not only an important part of artificial cultivation of Auricularia auricula, but also the characteristic of the new cultivation method. The vaccination procedure is as follows:

1. Vaccination season

According to the requirement of air temperature for mycelial growth of Auricularia auricula, inoculation can be carried out when the natural temperature is more than 5 ℃. During this period, miscellaneous bacteria are in an inactive state, and the mycelium of Auricularia auricula can grow, which not only reduces pollution but also ensures a sufficient vegetative growth period, so it is generally appropriate to arrange the inoculation season during the "stinging" period. Therefore, there are "nine trees to be cut down in the old area. Startled bacteria" said that in recent years, some units have advanced the inoculation time to February, the effect is also very good, and more conducive to labor arrangements. Even if there is a low temperature, the hyphae will not freeze to death, and the hyphae will continue to grow when the temperature rises.

2. Inoculation density

The inoculation density is generally controlled in the hole spacing of 10 Mel 12 cm, the row spacing of 6 cm, the diameter of the acupoint 1.2 cm, the depth of the acupoint into the xylem 1.5 cm, and the character shape arrangement. Here, the hole distance should also be thick according to the tree diameter, large and hard, high altitude to be encrypted, and vice versa sparse.

3. Inoculation method

Auricularia auricula can be divided into sawdust species and cork species. Sawdust seed production is easy to inoculate, while cork seed production is easy to inoculate.

The inoculation method of ① sawdust species: first use a 1.3cm punch hammer, belt punch or electric drill to punch holes according to the requirements of inoculation density and depth, then insert the sawdust species into a small piece to octave full, then cover the inoculation hole with a bark cover or cork made by 1.4cm belt and gently knock it flat with a small hammer.

② cork strain: Cork strain is made by filling cork and sawdust medium in proportion in advance. There is no need to prepare a cork or bark cover for vaccination. When inoculating, insert a little sawdust into the planting hole, and then knock in a cork seed.

4. Points for attention

In order to ensure the quality of vaccination, attention should be paid to:

① otowood can not be inoculated when the surface is wet in rainy days. If otwood is stacked in a place of shelter and the bark is not wet, it can be inoculated in a place of shelter, while on a sunny day, it should be inoculated in a shady place.

② containers and inoculation tools and hands should be disinfected beforehand, and the site should be clean and hygienic.

③ vaccination should be run-time operation, special person drilling, special person vaccination, immediately after drilling a hole, can not be put for a long time, so as to avoid dry inoculation hole or pollution of miscellaneous bacteria.

④ selects excellent varieties suitable for local climate and high-quality bacteria with white, sturdy, pollution-free and non-aging mycelium.

① selected strains with good quality, high yield and strong stress resistance.

② creates suitable temperature, humidity and nutrition conditions for the growth of Auricularia auricula, so that Auricularia auricula itself has a strong ability to compete with miscellaneous bacteria.

2. Reduce the growth conditions of diseases and insect pests

① cleans up the ear field and disinfects the ear field and cultivation room.

② should isolate and burn the highly infectious contaminated earwood, bacterial bag, bacterial bottle and bacterial brick.

③ can put chickens into the ear field to feed on pests. Chickens are required to eat only pests without harming black fungus.

3. Chemical control

① can kill many kinds of pests by spraying dichlorvos with 600ml / 800x liquid after daylighting.

② uses 5% salt water or 5% alkaline water to control slugs.

③ soaked ear wood or spray with 2% wettable dicofol 1000-fold solution to control mites.

④ sprays with 1% limewater or 5% salt water to control nematodes.

⑤ can restrain the spread of miscellaneous bacteria by brushing the parts damaged by miscellaneous bacteria with 2% quicklime.