Planting techniques of broad bean

Broad bean is one of the earliest legume crops cultivated by human beans. broad bean is grown in more than 50 countries in the world, concentrated on the Black Sea and the Mediterranean coast. There are more than 40 cultivated varieties in China. The output ranks first in the world in the 1950s, with an annual output of more than 3 billion kilograms. As a grain mill to make cakes and snacks. When tender, as a fresh vegetable or feed, the seed contains 22.35% protein and 43% starch. Folk medicine is used to treat hypertension and edema. Reports on the extraction of anticancer substances from broad bean abroad.

Planting techniques of broad bean

1. Opening ditches to divide soil moisture: in order to ensure that the seedlings are uniform and strong, and to prevent rotten beans from dying, the general fields have a moisture content of 2.5m (2.5m), while the fields with higher hills have a moisture content of 2.5m (18-20cm) and a wide 30cm (ditch depth). In the fields with high groundwater level, such as Haixi piece in Dali City, ridge cultivation is carried out with ridge width of 50-55cm, ditch depth of 30-40cm and width of 40cm.

2. Sowing time: the sowing time of broad bean should be based on the time when the flowering and podding period can avoid excessive frost, and the best sowing season of broad bean in different ecological areas should be determined. That is, sowing on October 5-15 in the bean planting area at an altitude of 1550m and 1700m, sowing in the bean planting area at an altitude of 1750m and 1900m from October 10th to 20th, and sowing in the area above 1950m and above on October 15th-25th.

3. Reasonable close planting and standard strip sowing: sowing basic seedlings 1.2-15000 plants / 667m2 at 1550mi 1700m above sea level, with row spacing of 15ly18 × 750px; sowing basic seedlings of 1.8-22000 plants / 667m2 with row spacing of 13 × 650px or 16 × 500px at 1750ly1900m above sea level; sowing basic seedlings of 2.3-28000 plants / 667m2 with row spacing of 1315 × 450px in bean planting areas above 1950ly2200m. The sowing method uses striped bright beans.

4. Rational fertilization: 1 500-2000kg/667m2 per mu of high quality barnyard manure or appropriate amount of rice straw after sowing, and applying calcium 30kg/667m2 and potassium sulfate 10-15kg/667m2 at the 3-stage leaf stage of 2.5 meters of soybean seedlings. In Dali City and Eryuan County in the border area of Erhai Lake, in order to reduce the pollution of Erhai Lake and other lakes and reduce the amount of phosphate fertilizer, the seeds were mixed with 0.5-1kg/667m2 soil phosphorus activator (acerisu) during sowing, and 15-18kg/667m2 was applied to bean seedlings at 2.5le stage.

5. Irrigation: during the whole growth period, the budding and flowering water, flowering and pod water, grain filling and grain filling water should be irrigated in time for 4 times.

Field management of broad bean

The main results are as follows: 1. Seedling management measures: in the seedling stage, the strong seedlings can be achieved by controlling water or irrigation according to the seedling situation, so that the seedlings are uniform, uniform and strong. Glue-stained mud bean fields should be covered with grass to keep warm and moisturize in time after sowing.

2. Medium-term management measures: do a good job in the prediction and forecast of diseases and insect pests, timely control the harm of diseases, insect pests and rats, and do a good job in water management. The seedlings were pruned in the field, and the thin and diseased plants were pulled out to ensure the healthy growth of the population.

3. Management measures in the later stage: ensure the demand for moisture during the filling period, keep the soil water content at 20% 25%, less than 18% 20%, and must be irrigated immediately; high-yield fields and late-maturing fields should be topped and cored at the final flower tip stage, which is conducive to ventilation and light transmission, increase grain weight and promote precocity.

4. Points for attention

Avoid continuous cropping of broad bean, continuous cropping makes the plant sterile, the number of rhizobium is less, the activity is low, the pod is less, and the disease is more, so the rotation of planting broad bean will be carried out for at least 3 years. Broad bean is adapted to slightly sticky and moist soil, but it is better to be cultivated on deep, fertile clay loam or sandy loam.

The tender pods of broad beans can be harvested at the right time, and they can be harvested from the bottom up for about 7-10 days each time. The mature seeds can be harvested when the leaves of broad beans wither and fall, and when the middle and lower pods are fully mature, they can be dried and threshed for storage.

Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests of broad bean

For the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests of broad bean, in addition to selecting disease-resistant varieties, reasonable close planting and pruning, drought prevention and drainage, increasing the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and enhancing plant resistance, chemical control is also very necessary.

1. Broad bean blight

Broad bean can occur at all growth stages, but the disease is more serious at the tender pod stage, which mainly infects the stem base or underground part of broad bean, as well as the seeds. Stem base infection often occurs on one side of the stem or ring stem, resulting in blackening of the stem.

[chemical control] at the initial stage of the disease, 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc wettable powder 500 solution, or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 × 700 solution, or 21% carbendazim wettable powder 800% 1000 times solution, or 20% methyl rifampicin EC 1100% 1200 solution and so on.

2. Red spot

Red dots first appeared on the leaves, which gradually expanded into round or oval disease spots, and in severe cases, all parts became black and withered. There are black sclerotia on the inner wall of the stem.

[chemical prevention and cure] in the early stage of the disease, Bordeaux solution was sprayed with Bordeaux solution (1) and 2 (100). After that, spray 50% carbendazim 500 times solution once every 10 days, 2-3 times in a row.

[tip] initially spraying Bordeaux is better than carbendazim.

3. Rust

Rust spots appear on the leaves until they dry up. In severe cases, all the plants withered.

[chemical control] 50 grams of 15% strychnine can be sprayed on 50-60 kg of water. 40-60 kg per mu. About 20 days after application, spray again.

4. Fusarium wilt

The main reason is that the root becomes black, the main root is short, the lateral root is few, the leaf color turns yellow, the plant wilts, and the top stem and leaf droop.

[chemical control] at the initial stage of the disease, 50% methyl topiramate 500 times solution can be used to irrigate the root, and the drug can be used for 2-3 times, which has a good control effect.

5. Broad bean brown spot

Can infect the stems, leaves, pods and seeds of broad beans. At the beginning of the disease, the leaves showed small russet freckles, and then expanded into round or oval plaques, with light gray in the center, dark brown and red edges, 3-8 mm in diameter, and dense black grains arranged in a wheel on it. When the disease is serious, it blends with each other into large irregular patches.

[chemical control] at the initial stage of the disease, 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 600 × 800 solution, or 50% copper succinate wettable powder 500-600 solution can be sprayed once every 7-10 days, continuously for 1-2 times.

7. Verticillium wilt of broad bean

At first, yellowing occurred only in one section of the plant, and the color on the other side was normal. The leaves on the upper part of the stem gradually yellowed from the lower part to the upper part. The yellowed leaves were pale green or greenish yellow at first, and then turned yellow completely.

[agricultural control] selection of disease-resistant varieties and rotation.

[chemical control] at the initial stage of the disease, 50% mixed sulfur suspension 500 times, or 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times, or 50% copper succinate wettable powder 350 times, each plant 500 ml. Stop using medicine 3 days before harvest.

8. Broad bean anthracnose

It mainly harms leaves, stems and pods. At the initial stage of leaf damage, dark reddish-brown spots were scattered on the surface, and then expanded to 1-3 mm, with light brown in the middle and reddish brown edges. After fusion, the disease spot becomes a large patch, the size is 10 mm, the disease spot is round to irregular, mostly limited by veins, and the diseased leaves rarely dry up. Black dots appear on the plaque in the later stage.

[pharmaceutical control] spraying 80% anthrax Fumi wettable powder 800-1000 times, or 58% metalaxyl manganese-zinc wettable powder 800-1200 times before or at the initial stage of the disease. Spray once every 7-10 days, spray 2-3 times in a row, and stop using medicine 3 days before harvest.

9. Broad bean mosaic disease

[agricultural control] select disease-resistant varieties and pay attention to strengthening field management.

[chemical control] when spraying in time to control aphids, 50% aldicarb wettable powder 2500-3000 times. Stop spraying three days before harvest.

10. Broad bean root rot and stem rot

[chemical control] before planting, mix 1 part of 50% carbendazim wettable powder with 50 parts of fine dry soil and sprinkle it on the base of the seedling, 1.5 kg per mu.