Planting techniques of kidney bean

Kidney bean scientific name kidney bean (commonly known as kidney bean or kidney bean), Leguminosae, native to Mexico and America, from the 17th century spread to all parts of the world, also known as multi-flowered kidney bean, large flower kidney bean. Cultivation has a long history, due to the large export volume, the area is expanding year by year. Kidney bean is rich in nutrition and high in protein, which is both vegetable and grain, and is an important agricultural and sideline product for export. Gezhu is an alpine mountain area with good natural and ecological environment, no pollution in air, water and soil, few pesticides and chemical fertilizers, high ecological diversity, and strong ability to control natural factors, which is very consistent with the development of pollution-free kidney bean industry. it is also a pillar industry for farmers in alpine mountain areas to shake off poverty and become rich.

Morphological characteristics of kidney bean

Large white kidney bean is an annual herb, which belongs to the genus kidney bean of Leguminosae. The root system is developed, the soil is deep, and it is more resistant to drought. The stem is trailing, the growth is prosperous, the branch force is strong, the stem length is above 4 meters. Leaves green, alternate Ternate leaves, heart-shaped, cotyledons not unearthed. Flowers are butterfly-shaped flowers, racemes, seeds kidney-shaped, 1000-grain weight 800Mel 1500 grams.

The type of kidney bean

There are two types of kidney beans: big white kidney beans and big black kidney beans. The seeds with white flowers are white seeds, called big white kidney beans, and the seeds with red flowers are mostly purple black patches or markings, called big black kidney beans or big flowered kidney beans.

Planting conditions of kidney bean

1. Temperature: kidney beans are relatively cold-resistant and avoid high temperature. They are frozen when the temperature is below 5 ℃, and the aboveground part dies when frost occurs. The frost-free period for growth and development is more than 120 days, the most suitable germination temperature is 20-25 ℃, and the suitable growth temperature is 18-20 ℃. It is difficult to pollinate above 30 ℃ or below 15 ℃.

2. Light: it belongs to cross-pollination, short-day crops, and likes plenty of sunshine. The shorter the sunshine time is, the more sunny the kidney bean is, the earlier the flowering, podding and ripening time is. On the contrary, the sunshine is prolonged, the sun is insufficient, kidney beans blossom, bear pods, mature time is prolonged, branches and leaves grow, even can not blossom and bear pods.

3. Moisture: kidney beans require sufficient and uniform water during the whole growth period, and the flowering and podding period is the period when the most water is needed, that is, the critical period of water demand. At this time, if there is a lack of water, it will have a great impact on the yield.

Planting techniques of kidney bean

1. Selection of improved varieties: improved varieties are the key to improve the yield, quality and commodity value of kidney bean. Large white kidney bean and large flowered kidney bean are the main varieties in the area above 2000 meters above sea level. Seed selection should be carried out before sowing, and seeds with large, full, high uniformity, consistent glossiness, free from diseases and insect pests and damage should be selected. Before sowing, sow in the sun for one or two days to promote neat germination and prevent rotten seeds sown at low temperatures in early spring.

2. Fine soil preparation: the fields planted with kidney beans should be ploughed in advance to improve soil fertility. First of all, choose acidic or slightly acidic soil with deep soil layer, medium fertility, low groundwater level, good drainage, sunny ventilation and relatively high content of organic matter. Apply sufficient base fertilizer, spread farm manure 1500-2000 tons per mu before soil preparation, and use 25 tons of compound fertilizer per mu before sowing, but avoid contact with seeds. Planting fields should keep deep ploughing and broken ridges, and ditches, ponds and sowing should be planted on the same day to reduce water evaporation.

3. Sowing at the right time: large white kidney beans should not be replanted, but should be planted every other year with corn or potatoes. The best sowing time of kidney bean is from April 20 to May 5, that is, from Grain Rain to the Beginning of Summer. Should use liquid tide land planting, deep pond deep sowing, in order to maintain soil moisture, ensure an one-time whole seedling, sowing depth in 10-15 years. The cover soil is about 6 years old.

4. Reasonable close planting: kidney bean ridge cultivation, kidney bean likes wet but afraid of waterlogging, ridge cultivation can increase soil temperature, facilitate drainage and moisture drainage, and maintain soil permeability. The net species of kidney beans were ridged with row spacing of 2. 5-2. 5 feet, pond spacing of 2000-2500 ponds, 5-6 kilograms per mu and 3-4 seeds per pond. 1500 ponds per mu of high-class fields, with planting specifications of 90 × 50 mu, 1600-1800 ponds per mu of middle and lower fields, and 90 × 40 tons of planting specifications. The sowing amount per mu is generally 8-10 mu, and the net seed is generally sown in a single row in the pond. Reasonable close planting should grasp the principle of sparse sowing in fertile land and close planting in thin land. Fertile land makes use of soil fertility to achieve high yield by plant advantage, and thin land uses the advantage of population to increase yield.

5. Field management

① inter-seedling seedlings: 2-3 true leaves appeared in the seedlings. According to the requirements, keep the foot-shaped seedlings, remove weak seedlings and deformed seedlings. Leave 2-3 seedlings in each pond.

② pre-vine management: timely weeding, soil cultivation, ridge management, pole insertion, which is conducive to ventilation and light, full pods, and improve product quality.

③ set up the frame in time, adjust the plant: when the seedling height is 30 years, you should insert the support, and draw the vine on the pole, insert one bamboo or wood support in each pond, the length is more than 2m, to prevent wind damage, insert unstable once, insert again after soaking rain.

④ topping and heart-picking: kidney bean has many side branches, luxuriant stems and leaves, crowded with each other, affecting ventilation and light, often leading to falling flowers and fruits, so too many side branches should be removed properly. Kidney beans have many flowers but few pods. In order to concentrate nutrients on the lower flowers, part of the stalk at the tip of the pedicel should be removed as early as possible to make the grain hypertrophy. Most of the pods of large white kidney beans can not mature after August, so the tip of the main and lateral vines of the plant should be removed to form a dwarf shrub-like shape, reduce the height, increase the number of flowering and pods, concentrate nutrients on the pods and mature earlier.

⑤ disease control: mainly powdery mildew, anthracnose and mosaic disease, using Bordeaux solution, Shiliu mixture and so on.

⑥ pest control: mainly ground tiger, jumping beetle, leaf borer, bean pod borer. Land tigers can be caught and killed manually in agricultural operations such as ploughing and sowing, and other insect pests can be controlled by botanical pesticides such as pyrethrum.

6. timely harvest: a batch of kidney beans are picked in a mature batch, and the pods of kidney beans take more than a month to mature, which is inconsistent sooner or later. In addition, in the rainy season, if the pods are not harvested in time, they are easy to rot and deteriorate or blacken the skin of the beans, affecting their commodity prices, so they should be harvested in batches, and the pods should be put in a cool place to dry, do not be exposed to the sun, and thresh the seeds before sale, so that the seeds have good color and high plumpness. Can effectively improve its commodity grade.

7. Seed selection and seed retention: as the saying goes, "the seed is selected year after year, and the yield is getting higher and higher." There is a great disparity in individual yield of kidney bean, so early-maturing and high-yielding single plant is selected in the field. The selection criteria are as follows: first, there are many pods, especially in the lower part, and the second is that the average seeds per pod are more plump, and the quality is better on the basis of plant selection.