Peanut planting technology

Peanut, formerly known as peanut, seed is also called peanut, beautiful name longevity fruit, belongs to the seed part of the six organs of plants. The fruit skin is rough, most with checkered pattern, there are translucent thin skin in the fruit, belonging to protective tissue, the color is mainly light red, and a few are dark purple. Rosaceae, leguminous annual herbs, stems erect or creeping, 30-80 cm long, wings and keel petals separated, pods 2-5 cm long, 1-1.3 cm wide, inflated, thick pods, flowering and fruiting period 6-8 months. It is mainly distributed in Brazil, China, Egypt and other places. Peanut is a raw material for producing edible vegetable oil. Peanut can be processed into non-staple food.

planting conditions

1. Peanut has certain adaptability to slightly acidic soil and is the pioneer crop for developing red soil; however, high soil acidity requires calcium fertilizer such as lime and short-day crops, but it is not sensitive to photoperiod. It needs higher heat and the daily average temperature is stable above 12℃ before sowing; the temperature of 20~28℃ is required in the main growth period, and when the temperature drops to about 11℃ in autumn, the pod stops developing. The average accumulated temperature of peanut growing period in China is about 3500℃. The growth period is 100~150 days, and some late-maturing varieties can reach 180 days. The dormancy period of seeds of early maturing varieties was short, while that of late maturing varieties was long. The dormancy of peanut seeds is not only affected by seed coat, but also related to some hormones in embryo. Dormancy can be released by using ethephon, kinetin and other chemicals, sunning seeds and germination at appropriate temperature.

2. Peanut Rhizobium in soil is attracted by root exudates and enters cortical cells through epidermal cells to divide and multiply, so that cells are stimulated to form nodules. This period is parasitic relationship, and then rhizobia nitrogen fixation activity intensified, only to become symbiotic. At the end of peanut growth, due to root fracture and nodule rupture, rhizobia returned to the soil to survive. The suitable temperature for rhizobia propagation is 18~30℃, water content is about 60% of the maximum soil water holding capacity, pH is 5.5 ~7.2. When the nitrate nitrogen in soil is too much, it can inhibit the nitrogen fixation of Rhizobia, so the application of nitrogen should be properly controlled at the initial stage of growth. Increasing phosphorus, potassium and calcium fertilizer can promote rhizobia reproduction and improve nitrogen fixation ability.

peanut seeding

1. Sowing time. When the soil temperature of 5 cm soil layer is stable at 12℃ in spring, pearl bean peanut can be sown. From the end of April to the first ten days of May, plastic film mulching cultivation can be slightly advanced by 7~10 days.

2. Sowing density and method. Ridge cultivation: ridge spacing 50cm, hole spacing 13~17cm, i.e. 120,000 ~ 150,000 holes/hectare, two seeds per hole. Plastic film mulching border cultivation: two rows per border, small row spacing of 40cm, hole spacing of 13~17cm, two seeds per hole, i.e. 120,000 ~ 150,000 holes/hectare.

field management

1. Ridge cultivation

1. Clearing seedlings: when seedlings basically emerge. Remove weeds around the seedlings first, then pull the soil apart so that the cotyledons are exposed to the ground. Be careful not to hurt the roots. After clearing the trees, fill the soil and bury the nest for about half a month.

(2) Intertillage weeding: three times of intertillage weeding shall be carried out at seedling stage, cluster stage and flowering stage. Grasp the principle of "shallow, deep and shallow", pay attention to prevent intertillage from pressing seedlings at seedling stage; intertillage at flowering stage to prevent damage to fruit needles.

3. Soil cultivation: half a month after flowering, soil cultivation should not be too thick, preferably 3cm.

2. Mulched cultivation

Film to emergence period, found that the film break or cover is not strict, timely use of re-buried pressure, blocking strict. When the seedlings break the membrane and arch the soil and begin to expose the true leaves, remove the soil from the membrane and expose the cotyledons to the ground. If a deficiency is found, immediately replant it with germinating seeds. Intertill and weed in furrows once before flowering. During the period from flowering to pod filling, according to peanut growth, 500 times of pre-division topdressing can be sprayed on leaf surface to replace root topdressing or 0.2%-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can be sprayed for 2 - 3 times, or peanut short and multi-harvest or diguozhuangdiling can be sprayed to increase nutrient delivery, promote fruit development and improve peanut yield. During this period, in case of drought, irrigation should be timely.

3. Continuous cropping method

① Soil preparation: soil preparation must be fine, autumn soil preparation must be carried out, deep ploughing to 30 cm, fine harrowing for many times, to ensure that the soil is loose and solid, with good permeability, ridging and compaction in autumn. Through the low temperature action in winter, the fungi causing peanut stem rot and root rot in soil are killed, and the occurrence of diseases and insect pests is reduced.

② Fertilization: organic fertilizer must be applied when peanut is cultivated continuously, and 4000~5000 kg of high-quality farm manure must be applied in combination with autumn ploughing. When sowing, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are mainly applied, and 15 kg of diammonium phosphate and 8 kg of potassium sulfate are applied per mu. In the first and middle of August, 2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed twice on the leaves, and special microbial preparations containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus-and potassium-solubilizing bacteria and appropriate amount of middle and trace elements were used to control peanut diseases.

③ Variety control: strengthen quarantine and prohibit introduction from endemic areas. Choose disease-resistant and high-yield varieties and replace them in time. Select sunny weather for 2-3 days before shelling peanuts. Combined with shelling, select the first-class seeds with big and plump seeds, bright skin color, high full fruit rate, good uniformity, clear net, moderate size, beautiful appearance, germination potential and high germination rate.

④ Management: If there is a lack of seedlings and broken strips after emergence, germination and replanting shall be carried out. After the seedlings are complete, the seedlings shall be cleaned and squatted. The floating soil at the rhizosphere of the seedlings shall be scraped out by hand to expose the two cotyledons. After 15 days or so, soil will be returned to fill the nest. Three times of intertillage and weeding shall be carried out at seedling stage, ball stage and flowering stage. The first time of intertillage shall be shallow to prevent too much soil from being buried in the stem and affecting the development of lateral branches, as long as the topsoil is loosened and the weeds are removed; the second time of intertillage shall be in the nodule formation stage, and this time the intertillage shall be slightly deeper, generally about 6cm; the third time of intertillage shall be in flowering stage, and this intertillage shall be extra careful to avoid damaging fruit needles. The intertillage depth shall be about 5cm. That is to say, master the principle of "shallow, deep and shallow", and cultivate soil 15 days after flowering with 3 cm as appropriate, not too thick. Strengthen the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests, and prevent and control diseases as soon as possible.

4. Soil preparation and fertilization

1. Soil preparation: after harvesting the first crop in autumn, stubble cleaning, autumn ploughing, harrowing and pressing to make new ridges. Prepare the mulch cultivation plot, make the bottom width of 75~80cm, the height of the ridge 5 cm, the width of the ridge 65~70cm, and make the small ridge between the ridges 20~25cm wide and 15cm high for soil collection during sowing.

② Fertilization: ridge preparation with autumn, application of decomposed manure, Kang hole soil, retting green manure, etc. Apply 15000 ~ 30000 kg/ha, furrow cultivation, thinning and border cultivation. Ridged cultivation can also be used to apply fertilizer before sowing in the same year. When sowing, 150~225kg/ha of ammonium phosphate and 75~120kg/ha of potassium sulfate are applied as seed fertilizer. Acid soil lime with base fertilizer. For example, pH value (pH value) 6.0~6.5, lime application 450kg/ha, pH value 5.5~6.0, lime application 675kg/ha.

bingchong prevention

1. Virus disease

Peanut virus diseases, except bud blight mainly transmitted by thrips, other diseases such as light mottle disease, yellow mosaic disease and common mosaic disease are transmitted by seeds and aphids. Seed transmission is the main source of infection for these diseases. The seed transmission rate is mainly affected by the onset period, early onset, high seed transmission rate. There was a negative correlation between seed size and virus carrying rate, the virus carrying rate of large seeds was low, and that of small seeds was high. In the presence of virus sources and susceptible species, aphid occurrence and number are the main factors of virus epidemic. The aphids that spread the virus were mainly winged aphids active in the field. Peanut aphids generally occur early, large numbers, easy to cause serious disease epidemic, otherwise the incidence of light. Peanut seedling rainfall, mild climate, dry, easy to lead to aphid occurrence, causing disease epidemic, vice versa is light, control methods are as follows.

① Use non-toxic or low-toxic seeds to eliminate or reduce the initial infection source. Virus-free seeds can be obtained by isolated propagation.

(2) Yuhua 1, Haihua 1 and Yuhua 7 were selected as varieties with light susceptibility and low seed transmission rate, and large kernels were selected as seeds.

(3) To popularize plastic film mulching technology, plastic film has certain aphid repelling effect and can reduce the damage of virus disease.

④ Remove weeds in and around the field in time to reduce aphid sources.

(5) Do a good job in disease quarantine and prohibit seed transfer from diseased areas.

6. Pesticide for aphid control: 3% carbofuran granules are used to cover seeds when sowing, and the dosage per mu is 2.5 kg-3 kg. It can also be used to cover seeds with 25% phoxim (812), and the dosage per mu is 0.5 kg. After peanut emergence, it is necessary to check in time. Hair aphids should be sprayed with 40% dimethoate emulsifiable solution 800 times and new lipid membrane 800 times solution in time to enhance the efficacy. In order to prevent aphids from transmitting poison.

2. Brown spot disease

Rotation: Peanut leaf spot host is relatively single, only infected peanuts, and other crops rotation, so that the pathogen can not get suitable host, can reduce damage, effective control of the occurrence of the disease. The rotation cycle is more than 2 years, and the control methods are as follows.

① After peanut harvest, it is necessary to remove the diseased leaves in the field in time, and when using manure made of diseased plants, it should be fully decomposed before use to reduce the source of disease.

(2) Although there is no variety with high resistance to leaf spot in production, there are great differences in resistance among varieties. Generally, varieties with thick leaves and dark leaves are more resistant. Yuhua 1, Haihua 1, Yuhua 4 and Yuhua 7 with strong resistance should be selected in serious disease areas of Henan Province.

(3) Strengthen management and enhance plant disease resistance: rational dense planting, scientific fertilization, and effective measures to make plants grow strong and enhance disease resistance.

④ In the early stage of disease, the first spraying should be started, and the pesticide can be selected from 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1500 times solution; or 50% thiophanate methyl wettable powder 2000 times solution; or 80% mancozeb wettable powder 400 times solution; or 75% chlorothalonil wettable agent 600 times ~800 times solution; or Kangkuning 700 times solution; or 0.3 ~0.5 degrees of stone sulfur mixture, etc. After that, spray once every 10 to 15 days, continuously spray 2 to 3 times, spray 50 kg to 75 kg of liquid medicine per mu each time. Because peanut leaves are smooth, adhesive can be added properly when spraying, and the control effect is better. Kangkuning had better control effect on brown spot, mancozeb had better control effect on net spot, carbendazim should not be used in mixed area of leaf spot and rust.

3. Bacterial wilt

The vascular bundle harmful to peanut can make a large number of plants die rapidly in a short time. Peanut bacterial wilt can occur during the whole growth period from seedling stage to harvest, usually before and after flowering, and the full flowering stage is the peak stage of disease. The pathogen mainly infects the root, causes the root tip to change color and rot, the vascular bundle tissue turns dark brown, and extends to the top of the plant from bottom to top. After the diseased part is transected, it is squeezed by hand, and turbid milky white bacterial liquid is seen flowing out. The first and second leaves on the top of main stem wilted at first, and then wilted from top to bottom. The leaves were dim but still green. It takes 7 to-15 days for the plant to die from infection. The pods and stems on the plant are brown and wet rotten.

Control methods: rotation rotation can effectively control the occurrence of bacterial wilt, due to the wide host range of peanut bacterial wilt, rotation arrangements should be considered, and sweet potato, corn, millet or water-dry rotation is more suitable, rotation cycle of 3 - 5 years. The medicine can be prepared into toxic soil by 25% dikushuang, or root irrigation with 1000 times solution; or seed soaking or root irrigation with streptomycin 200 mg/kg-400 mg/kg (200ppm-400ppm).

4. Rust

Peanut rust is a common and serious disease in peanut producing areas in South China. The northern peanut producing areas also have a tendency to expand and spread. Peanut rust mainly injures leaves, and when the disease is serious in the late stage, it also injures petioles, stems, stems and shells. Generally, the damage begins from flowering, first occurs from the bottom leaves of the plant, and then gradually extends upward to the top leaves, causing the leaves to turn yellow. At the beginning of the disease, white spots of needle tip size appeared on the back of the leaves first, and yellow dots appeared on the front of the corresponding leaves. Later, the spots on the back of the leaves became pale yellow and gradually expanded, showing yellow-brown bulge. After the epidermis was broken, the rust powder could be stuck by hand. Serious, the whole leaves turn yellow withered, the whole plant withered, distant and fire-like. It not only seriously reduces the yield, but also affects the quality.

Control methods: In addition to selecting disease-resistant varieties, field management should be strengthened, organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied, drought prevention and drainage should be done well, strong seedlings should be cultivated, and disease resistance of plants should be improved. When the disease plant rate in the field reaches 10%-20%, 50% colloidal sulfur 150 times solution, or dirust sodium 600 - 800 times solution, or 75% chlorothalonil 800 times solution, or 1:2:200(copper sulfate: quicklime: water) bordeaux solution, or 25% triadimefon wettable powder 3000 - 5000 times, spray once every 10 days, continuous spray 3 - 4 times. Dirust sodium should not be used continuously, but should be used alternately with other agents, spraying 60 kg-75 kg of liquid medicine per mu each time.

5. Leaf spot disease

Symptoms began to appear from the lower leaves, and then gradually spread to the upper leaves. Brown spots were produced in the early stage of the disease, and gradually developed into round or irregular spots. Brown spot disease spots larger, yellow halo around the spot, and black spot disease spots smaller, lighter color than brown spot disease, edge neat, no obvious halo. Wet weather or long-term rainy, spots can be combined into irregular large spots, leaves scorched, seriously affecting photosynthesis. If it occurs on petiole, stem or fruit needle, it will produce oval black-brown or brown disease spots in light, and the whole stem or fruit needle will turn black and die in heavy cases, which will greatly reduce peanut yield. The control methods are as follows.

① Elimination of pathogenic bacteria: After peanut harvest, remove the residual bacteria left in the field in time, and do not throw or pile them randomly. The plots with pathogen residues should be tilled in time to accelerate the decomposition of pathogen residues and prevent re-infection of peanuts.

② Selection of disease-resistant varieties: The more disease-resistant varieties are generally those with upright growth, thick leaves, dark color and large peanut seeds or early-maturing varieties. In the plots with heavy disease, these varieties must be selected for planting.

③ Strengthen cultivation management: timely sowing, reasonable dense planting, more organic fertilizer, a small amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, promote peanut robust growth, improve disease resistance.

④ Chemical control: timely spraying at the early stage of disease can alleviate the disease. The better chemicals: 80% mancozeb 400 times solution, 70% thiophanate methyl 1000~1500 times solution, 50% carbendazim 1000~1500 solution. Spraying should pay attention to spraying evenly and thoroughly, spraying once every 7~10 days, spraying 2~3 times continuously, can basically control the occurrence of the disease.

6, witches 'broom disease

Disease usually begins at the time of peanut flowering. The diseased plants have clusters of branches and leaves, short internodes and serious dwarfing, most of which are 1/2 of the height of healthy plants. The leaves of diseased plants become smaller and thicker, with deep color and crisp quality. A large number of axillary buds sprout, and the weak stems and leaves grow densely into clusters. The normal leaves gradually turn yellow and fall off, leaving only clustered branches. In the middle and late stages of disease development, flower organs become leafy. Fruit needles cannot be buried or buried very shallow or become hooked upwards, roots atrophy, pods few or not bearing fruit.

Control methods: planting resistant (resistant) varieties. Timely sowing, spring peanuts timely early sowing, autumn peanuts timely late sowing. Strengthen fertilizer and water management to improve disease resistance. Eliminate leguminous weeds and green manure and other suspicious hosts near the field to reduce the source of initial infection. The disease occurrence can be reduced by pulling out diseased seedlings in time and controlling leafhoppers in time at the early stage of disease.