Planting techniques of garlic

Garlic was introduced into China from the Western regions in the Qin and Han dynasties. After artificial cultivation and breeding, garlic has the effect of anti-cancer and is loved by the public. Garlic has strong growth, strong cold tolerance, high bolting rate, storage resistance, and is suitable for planting in autumn. the planting techniques of garlic are introduced as follows.

Growth habit

Garlic is a string-shaped whisker root; the ability to absorb water and fertilizer is weak, and the bulb grows and expands in the soil, so garlic should be cultivated in fields with loose soil, good drainage and rich organic matter. Although garlic has great adaptability, it is better to use sandy loam. Because the sandy loam soil is loose, suitable for root development, turn green early, bolting early, garlic is big and spicy, and it is easy to start garlic.

1. Temperature: like cold and cool, the suitable temperature is-5-26 ℃. Garlic seedlings have the strongest cold tolerance at 4-5 leaf stage, which is the most suitable for overwintering Miaoling.

2.Illumination: the garlic that finished the spring flower began to differentiate the flower bud and scale bud under the condition of more than 13 hours of long sunshine and higher temperature, and was only suitable for stem and leaf growth in the short-day and cool environment.

3. Moisture: like dampness and fear drought

4. Soil and nutrition: the requirement of soil is not strict, but the fertile loam which is rich in organic matter, loose and permeable, strong water retention and drainage is more suitable.

Planting preparation

Plots growing garlic should be ploughed and dried immediately after the previous crop is harvested, and the land should be prepared before sowing. Base fertilizer should be applied before ploughing. Garlic because of its long growth period, high population density and large amount of fertilizer, the general application of high-quality organic fertilizer such as manure, manure, barnyard manure and so on 50008000kg; and with 20kg 30kg phosphorus and potash fertilizer. Organic fertilizer should be fully mature, if raw fertilizer is used, garlic root will be burned during fermentation, and it will also cause underground insect pests, especially the serious occurrence of maggots.

1. Land preparation. Ploughing depth is generally about 20cm, to fine ploughing, raking flat, raking solid, there is no obvious bumpy, to achieve "neat, loose, broken, clean". According to the water source, the length of the border can be 80-100m long and 4.2-4.4m wide, and that of 40m-50m long and 4.2-4.4m wide.

2. Seed selection. Peel and break the peel manually, remove the trays and stem plates of garlic, and grade them according to large, medium, small and garlic hearts. according to the specific conditions, the seed selection requirements of small garlic cloves are pure white without red tendons, no scars, no saccharification and no bare skin. The principle requires that each grain weighs about 5g. Seed size is the key to high yield.

3. sow seeds at the right time. Garlic should be sown at the right time. The planting time is at the end of Bailu and the beginning of the Autumn Equinox (late September and early October), and the temperature is about 17 ℃. The garlic cloves should be dried for 1-2 days before sowing.

4. Reasonable close planting. General row spacing 20cm, plant spacing 16~17cm, about 20 000 plants per 667m2. The method is to use a rake or trench opener to open the ditch, the ditch depth is about 5cm, cover the soil above the garlic about 1cm after planting, and remember to water when planting.

Field management

1. Irrigation

The water demand of garlic is relatively large, and it generally needs to be watered 4 times during the whole growing period.

① mulching water: garlic should be watered in time after sowing, fully watered thoroughly, one plant does not leak, watering 100m3 per 667m2. The water not only meets the needs of garlic planting, but also provides convenience for covering plastic film.

② strong seedling water: generally watered around the first ten days of April or when the ground temperature is above 15 ℃.

③ moss water: the garlic moss is watered as soon as it comes out of the tip.

④ inflated water: pour this water after pulling out the garlic moss.

2. Plastic film mulching. Plastic film mulching is the key to increase the yield of garlic, which can increase the ground temperature, decompose organic matter quickly, reduce water evaporation, and meet the environmental demand of garlic. After pouring the film coating water, the ground is still slightly sunken, and the film is covered with a film mulching machine or manual method. Either way, the plastic film should be tightened and pressed firmly on both sides to prevent it from being lifted when there is a strong wind in autumn and winter.

3. Release seedlings. Garlic sprouts just broke the soil, punctured the plastic film in time, so that the seedlings are exposed outside the film, generally in the morning or evening, the temperature is low, the plastic film elasticity is small, tap the plastic film with a new broom or light with bamboo rake.

4. Artificial weeding. During the growing period of garlic, the temperature is relatively low, and the harm of weeds is mainly after the Spring Festival. The method is to use thick iron bar or 8mm steel bar to break the "7" shaped trench and break the plastic film to eradicate the grass seedlings.

5. Pull out garlic moss. It is the best time to pull out the garlic moss when the upper bend of the garlic moss begins to bend upward from the bottom. The method is to carry it gently by hand from 11:00 to 3 p.m. Every day.

6. Fertilization

The principle of fertilization for green food garlic is mainly organic fertilizer, with a small amount of chemical fertilizer as the formula, with base fertilizer as the main fertilizer and topdressing as the auxiliary.

① base manure: in late September, high quality farm manure (fully mature barnyard manure, compost, cake manure) 5000kg, urea 20kg, potassium sulfate 10kg are applied every 667m2. It is required to spread evenly, and then turn the cultivated land deeply.

② topdressing: in the first ten days of April of the second year, combined with watering strong seedlings, urea 10kg, an available fertilizer, was applied every 667m2. In the middle of April, every 667m2 was sprayed with 0.5kg potassium dihydrogen phosphate dissolved in 50kg water.

Pest control

As the green food garlic is mainly planted with organic fertilizer, the plant has strong disease resistance, coupled with the low temperature during the growing period of garlic, the occurrence of garlic diseases and insect pests is relatively light, and the common diseases and insect pests are leaf blight and garlic maggots.

1. Blight. Leaf blight is a major disease in the growth process of garlic. when the harm is serious, garlic is not easy to bolt, which in turn affects the yield of garlic. the general control method is to use 100g of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder for every 667 square meters at the initial stage of the disease in mid-April. Spray once after diluting with water.

2. Garlic maggot. The occurrence of garlic maggots is not common in general years, and the plots with heavy occurrence of garlic maggots can be combined with soil preparation. When planting garlic and opening ditches, 40kg of plant ash is applied every 667m2, which can effectively control the occurrence of garlic maggots. However, when the harm of garlic maggots is more serious, drug control can be used. The prevention and control method is to use 50% phoxim EC 100mL every 667m2 in late April, dilute it with water, and then pour medicine into the root of garlic.

3. Epidemic disease

[symptoms] the leaves appear water-stained grayish green from the leaf tip down, as if they have been scalded by water, and the moire appears on the spot, and the disease spot is not obvious at the boundary between disease and health, such as sparse white mold, which is easy to disappear when dry.

[incidence regularity] the pathogen overwintered in the disabled body with mycelium, oospore and chlamydospore. Generally with the help of Rain Water sputtering and irrigation water transmission, invading from the stomata, in continuous rainy weather or low-lying, poorly drained planting land, the disease is easy to occur.

[prevention and control methods]

① selected disease-resistant varieties according to local conditions.

② strengthened fertilizer and water management to improve plant resistance.

③ early spray prevention, with ethyl phosphine aluminum manganese zinc 70% 1000 times solution or frost epidemic dew.

4. Garlic leaf blight

[incidence characteristics] Leaf Blight is mainly harmful to garlic leaves, and the disease begins at the leaf tip or other parts of the leaf. At first, the flowers showed small white dots, and then expanded into irregular or oval gray-white or grayish-brown spots, with black mildew growing on them. In severe cases, all the diseased leaves withered and many small black grains were scattered on them. When the damage is serious, the whole plant does not bolt.

[incidence regularity] the pathogen overwintered with hyphae or ascomycetes in the soil or garlic. In the second year, the ascospores caused the initial infection, and the conidia were re-infected.

[prevention and control methods]

Seed dressing and soaking with new high-fat film before ① sowing. Peel off 50% of the carbendazim wettable powder and mix the seeds with 0.3% of the weight of garlic seeds.

② non-continuous cropping, change to other vegetables, the diseased and residual plants should be cleaned, burned or buried in time to reduce the source of bacteria.

③ strengthens field management. Reasonable fertilization, reasonable close planting, timely trenching and drainage, reducing temperature to enhance plant disease resistance.

Drug prevention and treatment was carried out in time in the early stage of ④. 70% ethyl phosphine, aluminum, manganese and zinc wettable powder can be used 500 times 700 times, once every 10 days, to prevent and cure 2 Mel for 3 times in a row.

5. Purple spot

[characteristics of the disease] most of the disease in the field began at the leaf tip or the middle of the pedicel, spread to the lower part a few days later, initially showed slightly sunken white spots, the center was slightly purplish, and enlarged into a yellow-brown spindle-shaped or oval spot. When the humidity was high, the disease part produced black mildew, that is, the pathogen conidiophores and conidia, and the disease spots had concentric wheel lines and were easy to break from the disease part. The neck of the infected bulb became dark yellow or reddish brown soft rot during storage.

[prevention and treatment] at the initial stage of the disease, spray 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500 times or 64% disinfectant alum 500 times, 40% Dafudan 500 times, 58% metalaxyl? Manganese and zinc wettable powder 500x liquid, 50% prohydantoin wettable powder 1500 times liquid, once every 7 to 10 days, continuous prevention and treatment for 3 times, all have good results.

6. Garlic soft rot

[disease characteristics] garlic soft rot is a bacterial disease, which is beneficial to the disease with low temperature and high humidity. After garlic infection, the disease first occurs from the leaf margin or midrib, and forms yellow-white stripes along the leaf margin or midrib, which can run through the whole leaf. When the humidity is high, the diseased part is yellowish brown and soft rot. In general, the foot leaves first fell ill, and then gradually expanded to the upper leaves, resulting in the withering or death of the whole plant. Pest control and disease prevention: because pests cause wounds on garlic, which is conducive to the invasion of soft rot bacteria, some pests carry germs in and out of the body and directly spread diseases. Therefore, the control of insect pests is very important for the control of soft rot. Attention should be paid to the control of underground pests such as golden needle worm and mole cricket in the early stage, and yellow should be controlled from the seedling stage. Curly striped jumper beetle, maggot and other pests.

[pharmaceutical control] before or at the initial stage of the disease, 72% agricultural streptomycin 3000 × 4000 times, 47% plus Ruinong WP750 times, 50% desenamine 1000 times, neopytomycin 3000 Mel 4000 times, spray once every 5 to 7 days, continuous prevention and treatment for 2 times according to the disease. Emphasis should be placed on the mildly diseased plants and the plants around them, and attention should be paid to spraying on the base of the stems close to the surface.

Harvesting and storage

1. Harvest. Garlic harvest season is usually in mid-late May, around Lesser Fullness of Grain. Garlic can be harvested when the leaves turn yellow and the cloves protrude. When harvesting, use a special tool-garlic seed, do not break or bruise. After harvest, garlic should be dried in time to make it dry, but also to prevent exposure to the sun, to prevent saccharification. The usual method is: cover the garlic leaves and dry the garlic in the field for 10 hours, then cut off the garlic whisker (be sure to cut flat and clean, do not hurt the garlic body), keep the garlic in the ventilated place and continue to dry. When the garlic stalks are 80 or 90% dry, cut the garlic stalks and 2cm the garlic, bag it, put it in a ventilated place and continue to dry, but not directly. Remove the residual plastic film in time after the garlic is harvested.

2. Grading. Dried garlic should be graded according to its size and quality. According to the specifications, green food garlic can be divided into super garlic (≥ 70mm, long stalk ≤ 15mm), primary garlic (transverse ≥ 60mm, long stalk long ≤ 15mm), second grade garlic (transverse ≥ 50mm, long stalk long ≤ 15mm), and third grade garlic (horizontal longitude.