Cultivation techniques of Chinese Cabbage

Chinese cabbage originated in northern China, is a cruciferous Brassica leaf vegetable, usually refers to Chinese cabbage, also includes Chinese cabbage and cabbage, that is, "cabbage" or "cabbage". It is introduced to the south and cultivated in all parts of the north and south. Chinese cabbage has wide adaptability and can be cultivated in four seasons, but it is most cultivated in autumn and winter. this paper focuses on the cultivation techniques of autumn and winter cabbage.

Selection of garden plots and varieties

Although Chinese cabbage has strong adaptability, in order to obtain high yield, high quality and high efficiency, we must choose the land with loose soil, deep soil layer, good ventilation, medium fertility, no stagnant water, convenient drainage and irrigation, no "three wastes" pollution and convenient transportation. At the same time, the varieties with high yield, high quality and good market sales should be selected according to different cultivation seasons. In summer and autumn, varieties such as "Gaokang 2", "Xingdian No.1" and "83mur1" which are resistant to high temperature and humid heat are generally selected, while "Xiaoza 56" and "Zaohuangbai" can be selected in winter and spring.

Planting season

Chinese cabbage can be sowed and cultivated all the year round in Wenshan Prefecture, but it is the best from August to October, spring Chinese cabbage is sown from February to March and cultivated with plastic film mulching, heat-resistant and disease-resistant varieties should be selected for sowing in summer and autumn from April to July, and heat preservation cultivation should be carried out when sowing from November to January of the following year. At the same time, according to the market demand, select marketable varieties.

Soil preparation and soil moisture management

Ploughing and drying in time after harvest, raking fine, removing weeds and leveling the land, whether sowing in winter, spring harvest or summer and autumn, should be high soil moisture, soil moisture width 2 meters, ditch depth 0.3 meters, ditch width 0.3 meters.

Sowing seeds

1. Seed treatment. Soak the seeds in 55 ℃ warm water for 15 minutes before sowing, dry them with carbendazim or 0.3% thiram or chlorothalonil or Ruitu. Or sowing 1 Mel for 2 days before sowing can prevent some diseases.

2. Soil disinfection and seedling prevention. In continuous cropping or frequently diseased areas, 70% dimethazone powder and 20 times dry fine soil can be used, and some pesticides (such as Lesbon, enemy killing, etc.) can be mixed evenly and scattered in the planting hole. The seedling stage can be prevented by spraying 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500 times or 20% quick gram wettable powder 900Mel 1000 times.

3. Sowing method and density. The direct seeding method was used to sow in the pond according to the characteristics of varieties and soil fertility after regulating soil moisture. The reasonable sowing density is determined according to the characteristics of the variety. For example, "83mur1" generally has a row spacing of 40 × 40 cm, sowing about 4000 ponds per mu, and a series of hybrid plants with a row spacing of 35 × 35 cm, sowing about 5000 ponds per mu, sowing 6 full seeds in each pond, covering the pond with fine dung soil after sowing, and keeping the soil moist.

4. Apply sufficient base fertilizer. With organic fertilizer as the main fertilizer and chemical fertilizer as the auxiliary, 3000 kg of high-quality mature farm manure plus 40 li 80 kg of compound fertilizer was applied to the pond at one time.

Field management

1. Timely interseedling and fixed seedling. If covered with plastic film, the seedling should be broken and exposed in time after emergence, and the mouth of the film should be sealed with fine soil. When the seedlings grew to 3 leaves, 3 seedlings of diseased seedlings were left in each pond, and 3 seedlings were left in each pond. When there were 5 true leaves in 4 trees, the seedlings were fixed for the second time, and 1 healthy seedling was selected.

2. Ploughing and weeding. When interplanting and fixing seedlings are combined with weeding and shallow ploughing, the times of intertillage should be increased in rainy season to prevent soil consolidation.

3. Irrigation and drainage. Winter and spring drought, easy to lack of water, should be timely watering, in order to keep the soil moist, especially in the ball-forming period, more attention should be paid to moderate watering. High temperature and rainy summer and autumn, we should pay attention to clear ditches after rain, cultivate soil, drainage, timely removal of stagnant water in ditches, in order to prevent the invasion of dead seedlings and bacteria. Due to the particularity of our geographical location, there will be a drought of flower arrangement in summer and autumn. Due to the large amount of high temperature evaporation, timely watering should be adopted, early watering and late watering should be adopted to reduce the ground temperature and prevent the harm of high temperature.

4. Topdressing. Generally, we should grasp the two key points of topdressing at the rosette stage and before heading. This is the key to ensure the high yield of Chinese cabbage. At this time, Chinese cabbage is in a period of rapid growth, so it is necessary to increase the amount of topdressing, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, or regular application of dilute fertilizer for human, livestock and poultry. The specific topdressing measures are: the first time to use 1000 kg of rotten clear dung water after setting seedlings; the second time to use 1000 kg of rotten clear manure water per mu in the rosette stage plus 20 kg of urea; and the third time is the key topdressing period, that is, the initial stage of heading. 1000 kg of rotten clear dung water per mu plus 20 kg of urea. Spraying 250-fold potassium dihydrogen phosphate at the mid-heading stage can enhance plant resistance, produce vegetables with good appearance and internal quality, and improve commodity value.

Pest control

The prevention and control of diseases and insect pests should be based on the policy of prevention and comprehensive control. When diseases and insect pests are found in the field, biological pesticides with high efficiency and low toxicity should be selected for prevention and control.

1. Virus disease

Virus diseases are mainly cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, turnip mosaic virus, viruses transmitted by aphids.

Symptoms: in the seedling stage, the heart leaves showed bright veins and veins chlorosis, and then produced thick green uneven green mottled or mosaic leaves, the leaves in the early adult stage were seriously wrinkled, hard and brittle, often with many small brown spots, brown on the main vein of the back of the leaves slightly sunken ring dead stripes, the plant was obviously dwarfing deformed, non-heading or loose.

Main control measures: select disease-resistant varieties; adjust vegetable layout, reasonable rotation, timely removal of diseased plants; early sowing at the right time to avoid high temperature and rampant aphids; it is very important to prevent aphids at seedling stage, and do everything possible to control virus-transmitting aphids; at the initial stage of the disease, spray virus No. 1 emulsion 1000 times, or virus No. 2 emulsion 90051000 times or 3.95% virus Bick 600anth800 times.

2. Soft rot

Soft rot is a bacterial disease, which occurs from rosette stage to pericardial stage. The pathogen overwintered in the remains of diseased plants and pests and spread through Rain Water, irrigation water, bacteria-carrying fertilizers and insects.

Symptoms: there are three common types: the outer leaves wilt, the rosette plants wilt at noon on a sunny day, but recover sooner or later. After a few days, the outer leaves of the diseased plants are flat to the ground, the heart or leaf ball is exposed, and the pulp tissue of the petiole stem or rhizome fester; the pathogen invades from the wound at the base of the leaf to form a water-soaked infiltration area, which gradually expands to a grayish brown, and the diseased tissue is sticky, soft and rotten. The pathogen invades from the wound at the base of the leaf to form a water-soaked infiltration area, which gradually expands and becomes light grayish brown, and the diseased tissue is sticky, soft and rotten; the pathogen invades from the edge of petiole or outer leaf, or the wound at the top of the leaf ball, causing rot. Under dry conditions, the decaying diseased leaves gradually lose water and dry in the sun, showing a thin paper shape, close to the leaf ball. The malodorous smell of hydrogen sulfide can be produced in the rotten parts of the disease, which has become an important feature of the disease.

Main control measures: planting cabbage in the fields of previous wheat, rice and legume crops as far as possible, avoiding continuous cropping with Solanaceae, melons and other cruciferous vegetables, turning over the land as early as possible to promote the decomposition of diseased bodies, and adopting deep trench high-rise planting; selection of disease-resistant varieties; suitable sowing time; seed chemical treatment Spray streptomycin sulfate or 72% agricultural streptomycin soluble powder 3000mer 4000 times, 47% plus Renon wettable powder 700Mel 750 times. Spray every 10 days, three times in a row.

3. Black spot

Black spot is a fungal disease. The pathogen overwinters mainly as mycelia on diseased plants and seeds and produces spores from stomata or directly penetrate the epidermis in the following year.

Symptoms: mainly harmful cotyledons, true leaves, leaves and petioles, leaves infected, primary nearly round chlorotic spots, then gradually enlarged, the edge of the light yellow to dark brown, a few days later, the disease spot expanded, and there are obvious concentric wheel lines, some disease spots have yellow halo, perforation under the condition of high temperature and humidity.

The main control measures are as follows: selecting disease-resistant varieties, seed disinfection, eliminating disease plant residues and weeds, applying sufficient base fertilizer and increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to improve the disease resistance of vegetable plants. It was found that the diseased plants were promptly sprayed with 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500 times, or 64% alum wettable powder 500 times, or 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc wettable powder 500 times.

4. Dry Chinese cabbage with heartburn

Dry heartburn of Chinese cabbage is a physiological disease, which mostly occurs during heading period and storage period. The causes of the disease are mainly caused by improper application of chemical fertilizer, saline-alkali soil, poor irrigation water quality, dry weather, improper cultivation management and so on.

Symptoms: the appearance of the leaf ball of Chinese cabbage is normal. When the leaf ball is peeled off, some leaves turn dry and yellowed from the edge of the leaf, and the mesophyll is in the shape of dry paper. Serious cases can gradually develop to the central direction, losing commodity value and edible value.

Main control measures: select disease-resistant varieties; strengthen cultivation management (increase organic fertilizer, pay attention to crop rotation, rational application of nitrogen fertilizer, increase application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer); increase calcium fertilizer; spray "dry heartburn prevention and control of Chinese cabbage" at seedling stage, rosette stage or heading stage respectively.

5. Aphids

Aphids are harmful to the leaves of vegetables or on the tender shoots and leaves of the remaining plants, spreading virus diseases. Main control measures: control with 50% aphid fog wettable powder 2000ml 3000 times, or 40% dimethoate 1000mi 2000 times.

6. Pieris rapae, yellow striped beetle and underground pests

Pieris rapae, yellow striped beetle and underground pests were killed with 2000 times of the enemy and 1000 times of parathion EC.

7. Plutella xylostella

Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, Plutella xylostella. Plutella xylostella has phototaxis, in the adult occurrence period, set up a black light every 10 mu, can rust kill adults and reduce insect sources.

8. Wild slug (mole cricket)

A wild slug is a mollusk shaped like a snail. Its shell is degenerated and its body can secrete mucus. It often leaves silver marks after crawling, which is very harmful to vegetables. Wild slugs go out at night and do harm at dusk. Tiles, vegetable leaves, or knotted stalks or branches are placed in the middle of the field, where they often hide after the sun comes out, and can be centrally cleared and killed. With snail enemy or tin, calcium arsenate and other drugs mixed with rice bran, bean sugar, grass, etc., mixed into poison bait rust. 5% snail enemy 0.5 kg mixed with fine soil 5 kg was sprinkled in the field in the evening; 0.7 kg of 6% Mida granule or 3% Mixoling granule 1 mi 2 kg, crushed and mixed fine soil 5 mi 7.5 kg, sprinkled between the rows of the roots near the injured plant in the evening when the soil surface was dry in warm weather, and the wild slug exposed to the medicine secreted a large amount of mucus 3 days later.

Harvest

When the Chinese cabbage is compact, it shows that it is mature and should be harvested and put on the market in time. The buffer period from maturity to harvest is 10 days. If it is more than 10 days, it will break bolting or cause rot. The light ones will reduce the value of the goods, and the heavy ones will lead to the loss of harvest.