Cultivation techniques of volvariella volvacea

Straw mushroom is a kind of high-quality edible fungus with delicate meat, crisp and refreshing taste, rich nutrition and good health care value. Its products, whether fresh mushrooms, dried products or canned straw mushrooms, are deeply loved by consumers at home and abroad. Especially in the hot and hot weather in summer, when there are few other edible fungi, but it is the peak season for straw mushrooms and the off-season for vegetables. Therefore, it can not only enrich people's vegetable basket, but also has a higher price and good economic benefits. Volvariella volvacea is the fastest harvested edible mushroom. It takes only about 2 weeks from sowing to harvest, and a cultivation cycle takes only 20 Mel and 30 days. And without special equipment, it can be cultivated indoors and outdoors, and the development of volvariella volvacea can make use of agricultural by-products such as cottonseed hull, rice straw, bagasse, corn straw and so on.

Growth conditions of volvariella volvacea

1. Nutrition: the nutrients needed for the growth and development of volvariella volvacea are mainly water compounds, nitrogen nutrients and minerals, as well as a certain amount of vitamins. These substances are generally obtained from raw materials such as rice straw or cottonseed hulls. Straw mushroom is a kind of saprophytic fungus, which must absorb nutrients from dead plants and soil. Straw and cottonseed hulls without mildew should be selected for cultivation. Wet grass without sun drying is easy to rot and should not be used. In addition, waste cotton, bagasse, green thatch and peanut vines can be used as raw materials for the cultivation of straw mushrooms. Such as adding a certain amount of excipients in the above raw materials, such as dried cow dung, chicken dung, wheat bran, rice bran, corn flour, etc., to supplement nitrogen nutrition and vitamins, can also increase the yield of straw mushroom.

2. Temperature: volvariella volvacea is a kind of high temperature fungus, the temperature range of mycelial growth is 10 ℃ 42 ℃, the optimum temperature is 28 ℃ 32 ℃, stop growing at 10 ℃, when it is higher than 45 ℃, lower than 5 ℃, the mycelium will die. The strain of straw mushroom should not be kept in the refrigerator so as not to freeze to death. The temperature range for the growth of straw mushroom fruiting body is 22 ℃ 40 ℃, and the optimum temperature is 28 ℃ 32 mol. The fruiting body is difficult to form when the average temperature is below 23 ℃. When the temperature of the culture material was lower than 28 ℃, the fruiting body formation was affected, but it was difficult to form when the culture temperature was lower than 25 ℃. The temperature below 21 ℃ or above 40 ℃ and the abrupt climate have fatal effects on the buds. The fruiting body is very sensitive to the sudden change of temperature, and the temperature change of the material is more than 5 ℃ within 12 hours. Straw mushrooms die easily.

3. Humidity: straw mushroom is a kind of fungus that likes high temperature and high humidity environment. Only under the suitable water conditions, the growth and development of volvariella volvacea can be carried out normally, the water is insufficient, the mycelium grows slowly, and the fruiting body is difficult to form; too much water causes poor ventilation, easy to die mushrooms, and miscellaneous bacteria are also easy to occur. The optimum water content of the culture material is about 70%, the optimum air humidity in the mycelium growth stage is about 80%, and the air relative humidity in the fruiting body growth stage is more than 90%.

4. Oxygen: volvariella volvacea is an aerobic fungus. Sufficient oxygen is an important condition for the growth of volvariella volvacea. If oxygen is insufficient and carbon dioxide accumulates too much, the fruiting body will be inhibited or even die. Miscellaneous bacteria are also easy to occur. Therefore, in the management process of cultivating straw mushroom, we should pay attention to ventilation and keep the air fresh. However, attention should also be paid to moisturizing, and the relationship between ventilation and moisturizing and heat preservation must be handled correctly.

5, pH (pH value): volvariella volvacea is a kind of fungus that likes alkaline. The optimum pH value for mycelial growth of volvariella volvacea was 7.8Mel 8.5, and the optimum pH for fruiting body growth was 7.5Mel 8. The acidic environment is disadvantageous to the growth and development of mycelium and is easy to be infected by miscellaneous bacteria. During cultivation, the pH value is generally adjusted by adding lime, and the addition amount is generally dry material weight and about 5%, so that the pH value reaches 10mur12. With the growth of mycelium, the pH value will decrease gradually, and when the fruiting body is formed, the pH value is about 7.5, which is just suitable for the growth and development of straw mushroom fruiting body.

6. Light: the germination of spores and the growth of mycelium of volvariella volvacea do not need light, but direct sunlight will hinder the growth of mycelium. Light can promote the formation of fruiting body. The formation of fruiting body requires a certain amount of scattered light, and the most suitable light intensity is 300 Mel 350 lux. The intensity of light not only affects the yield of volvariella volvacea, but also directly affects the quality and color of straw mushroom fruit body. When the light is strong, the fruit body is dark and shiny, the fruit body is strong and dense, when the light is insufficient, the fruit body is dim or even gray-white, and the structure of the fruit body is loose. The fruiting body is white when there is no light. Strong direct sunlight has a serious inhibitory effect on the fruiting body, and open-field cultivation must have shading conditions.

Straw mushroom cultivation season

The cultivation season of volvariella volvacea under natural conditions should be determined according to the temperature needed for the growth and development of volvariella volvacea and the local temperature. It can only be cultivated when the daily average temperature is above 23 ℃. The time of cultivation with natural temperature in the south is from late May to mid-September in the Gregorian calendar. The cultivation from early June to early July is the most favorable, because at this time the temperature is suitable, it is also the mildew and rain season, the humidity is high, the temperature and humidity is easy to control, the yield is high, and the quality of mushroom is good. In the midsummer season (from mid-July to late August), the temperature is on the high side, dry and the water evaporation is large. Management is difficult, and it is difficult to obtain high yield and high quality of volvariella volvacea. In Guangdong, Hainan and other provinces, it is more suitable to cultivate straw mushroom from April to October under the condition of natural temperature. It is suitable to be cultivated from June to July in the northern region. Cultivation in greenhouses and plastic sheds can be advanced or postponed as appropriate. If the use of foam mushroom room and heating equipment, can be annual production.

Cultivated varieties of volvariella volvacea

According to the color, there are two strains: one is called black straw mushroom, the main feature is that the unopened fruiting body foreskin is mouse gray or black, oval shape, not easy to open umbrella, straw mushroom base is small, easy to pick. But the resistance is poor, and it is particularly sensitive to temperature changes. The other is straw mushroom, which is mainly characterized by grayish white or white prepuce, thin foreskin, easy to open umbrella, large base of mushroom body, difficult to pick, but fast mushroom production, high yield and strong stress resistance. According to the individual size of volvariella volvacea, it can be divided into large species, medium species and small species. Due to different uses, the requirements for volvariella volvacea varieties are also different. Dried straw mushroom, like thick foreskin large species, canned, need to wrap thick medium and small species, fresh sale of straw mushroom, the foreskin and individual size requirements are not strict. All localities can choose suitable varieties for cultivation according to their needs.

Preparation of Culture material for volvariella volvacea

Volvariella volvacea is cultivated with a wide range of raw materials, mainly using raw materials rich in cellulose and hemicellulose. Such as waste cotton residue, cottonseed hull, rice straw, wheat straw. The yield of waste cotton residue is the highest. The following describes the preparation of several commonly used culture materials:

1. Preparation of waste cotton residue culture material.

Waste cotton residue, also known as waste cotton, broken seed cotton, floor cotton, foot cotton, comes from cotton processing plants. The waste cotton residue has the advantages of long heating time, good heat preservation and moisture retention, so it is the most ideal cultivation material for straw mushroom. About 12 kilograms of waste cotton residue is needed per square meter. The commonly used recipes are:

Formula ①: waste cotton residue + lime 5%

Formula ②: waste cotton residue + wheat bran (or rice bran) 10% + lime powder 5%

There are two methods for preparing the culture material: one is to build a pool, soak the waste cotton residue in lime water, add 5 kg of lime powder for every 100 kg of cotton waste, soak it for 6 hours, and then pick it up to make a heap, with a width of 1.2 meters, a heap height of about 70 cm, unlimited length, fermentation for three days, and turn the pile once in the middle. The other is to make a wooden frame, which is 3.0 meters long, 1.8 meters wide and 0.5 meters high, and place it on the cement floor. Then spread a layer of waste cotton residue in the wooden frame, about 10ml 15cm thick, sprinkle a thin layer of lime powder, sprinkle water pressure to make the waste cotton residue absorb enough water, then sprinkle a layer of wheat bran or rice bran, and then spread a layer of waste cotton residue, so that layer by layer press to the full frame, lift the wooden frame up, and then continue to add material and press until the pile is about 1.5 meters high. Ferment for 3 days.

2. Preparation of cottonseed hull culture material.

Cottonseed hull, also known as cottonseed husk, is also a nutritious cultivation material of volvariella volvacea, but its heat preservation, moisturizing and calorific value are not as good as those of waste cotton residue. The formula of the culture material is the same as that of the waste cotton residue. In addition to the above two treatment methods, the cottonseed shell can also be spread on the cement floor, add lime powder or auxiliary materials, fully wet, then pile up, cover the film, ferment for three days, turn the pile once in the middle, turn the pile, if the pile is too dry, need to add lime water to adjust, the water content of the material is about 70% when going to bed, the pH value is 8color 9.

3. Preparation of rice straw or wheat straw culture material

Rice straw and wheat straw are rich in raw materials, which are the traditional raw materials for straw mushroom cultivation. Due to the poor physical properties and lack of nutrition of rice straw and wheat straw, a better yield can be obtained as long as proper treatment and increase of auxiliary materials are carried out. 15 kilograms of dry straw is needed per square meter.

Formula ①: Rice straw or wheat straw 87% + plant ash 5% + compound fertilizer 1% + gypsum powder 2% + lime 5%

Formula ②: 88% rice straw or wheat straw + 5% wheat bran or rice bran + 2% gypsum powder + 5% lime

Formula ③: Rice straw or wheat straw 73% + dry cow dung 5% + fat mud 15% + gypsum powder 2% + lime 5%

Formula ④: Rice straw or wheat straw 83% + wheat bran 5% + dried cow dung 5% + gypsum powder 2% + lime 5%

The above straw or wheat straw can be treated in two ways: one is that rice straw or wheat straw is not chopped and cultivated with long straw. Soak the straw for about 12 hours and press the straw with a heavy weight to fully absorb water. After soaking, the stack is made, with a width of 2 meters and a height of 1.5 meters, cover with film moisturizing, stack fermentation for 5 days, and turn the pile once in the middle. During cultivation, the long straw should be screwed into a "8" shape and tightly arranged one by one, and two layers are stacked according to the shape of "product", with a thickness of 20 cm. The other is to cut the rice straw or wheat straw into 5mm or 10cm long or crush it with a grinder, soak or directly add lime water to mix the material, and add auxiliary materials, pile it for 5 days, turn the pile once in the middle.

4. Preparation of mixed culture materials.

In order to reduce the production cost, the cultivation method of waste cotton residue or cottonseed shell plus rice straw or wheat straw can also be used to achieve ideal results. The mixing ratio is usually waste cotton dregs or cottonseed hulls. Rice straw can be sliced or crushed and used after stacking with lime and auxiliary materials.

Next, I would like to introduce the bed frame cultivation techniques of straw mushroom.

Bed cultivation techniques of volvariella volvacea

Straw mushroom bed frame cultivation is a commonly used cultivation method in our country at present. Setting up a bed frame in a house or shed can not only make full use of space and improve the utilization rate, but also keep moisture and heat preservation well, easy to manage, and the yield is high and stable.

1. The establishment of bed frame: the bed frame of straw mushroom cultivation is the same as that of mushroom cultivation. The bedstead and the mushroom room should be arranged vertically, that is, the mushroom room in the east-west direction, the north-south arrangement of the bedstead, do not lean against the wall around the mushroom bed, the walkway against the wall, the aisle between the bedstead and the bedstead is 67 centimeters wide, the distance between the bedstead is 67 centimeters, and the bottom floor is more than 17 centimeters from the ground. The number of bed frames depends on the height of the mushroom room, generally 4mur6 layers, bed frame width 1.3-1.5 meters. The bed frame can be made of bamboo and wood, and the reinforced concrete bed frame is better. There is a pair of upper and lower windows on the walls at both ends of each aisle. The size of the window is 40 cm wide and 50 cm high, and a wind tube is installed on the roof in the middle of the aisle between the bed frames, 1.5 meters high and 40 centimeters in diameter.

2. Secondary fermentation of culture material: shake the culture material after composting fermentation, mix it well, and move it into the bed frame of the mushroom room while it is hot. At this time, the best water content of the culture material is about 70%, and the pH value is about 9. The thickness of the culture material of different cultivation materials is also different, the thickness of the waste cotton residue or cottonseed shell culture material is 7ml 10cm, the chopped rice straw culture material is 12cm 15cm, and the long rice straw paving material is 20cm. When the temperature is high in summer, the culture material should be thinner. The culture material should be thicker when the temperature is low in winter.

After laying the material, immediately put steam or coal stove into the mushroom room to heat up, so that the culture temperature reached about 65 ℃, maintain 4 Mel for 8 hours, and then cool down naturally. When the door and window are opened at about 45 ℃, the secondary fermentation can kill the pests and harmful bacteria in the mushroom room and culture material, which is beneficial to the mass reproduction of beneficial microorganisms such as high temperature actinomycetes, is more beneficial to the growth of volvariella volvacea, and is easy to obtain high yield.

3. Management after sowing and sowing: when the temperature of the culture material drops below 38 ℃, shake the culture material loose, mix it well, level the bed and compact it, then sow the seed, dig the strain out of the strain bottle, tear off the plastic in the bag, put the strain in a clean basin, break the seed block gently, and use the method of on-demand sowing and sowing. Sprinkle on the surface of the material and gently pat it flat with a plank. Generally, a cultivation area of 100 square meters requires 300 ml 400 bottles of bacteria (750 ml).

After sowing, cover the bed with plastic film, uncover the film and ventilate it twice a day, pay attention to control the temperature in the material. The temperature in the culture material changes from low to high and from high to low. The temperature in the material gradually increased after sowing, and the highest temperature could be reached in 4 days. The maximum temperature in the material should be controlled below 42 ℃ as far as possible, otherwise the temperature was too high, a large amount of water in the material evaporated, and the mycelium of volvariella volvacea was seriously inhibited or died. If the temperature in the material is too high, the cause should be analyzed in time and measures should be taken to solve the problem. If the moisture in the material is not enough and the culture material is too dry, it should be watered to replenish moisture and cool down; if the culture material is too thick, the indoor ventilation should be strengthened, the plastic of the material surface should be opened, and holes should be made in the material to distribute the temperature in the material.

About 4 days after sowing, remove the plastic covered with the material surface, preferably covered with a thin layer of pre-wet long straw, or pre-wet husk or covered with 1cm about thick granular soil, and spray 1% lime water, can also increase the yield of straw mushroom.

4. Management of mushroom production period. Generally, 6 days after sowing, when the straw mushroom hyphae begins to kink, the humidity of the material surface should be increased in time, and the "mushroom water" should be used to increase indoor light to promote the formation of straw mushroom fruiting body. When a large number of buds of small white spots are formed, it is mainly moisturizing, the air relative humidity is maintained above 90%, and water spraying is suspended on the bed surface. When the fruiting body has buttons, the amount of water spray should be increased gradually.

Border cultivation technique of Straw Mushroom

The border cultivation of volvariella volvacea is a common cultivation method in outdoor open field. It is characterized by low investment, low cost, great flexibility and simple operation. Higher output can be obtained by good management.

The field for outdoor cultivation of volvariella volvacea is the best in sandy loam with loose and fertile soil and good drainage. This kind of soil has good properties of heat preservation, moisture retention, nutrient storage and ventilation, which is beneficial to the growth and development of mycelium and fruiting body of volvariella volvacea. Rice fields, vegetable plots, orchards, woodlands and open spaces behind the houses can all be used as sites for cultivating straw mushrooms. There are few earthworms and miscellaneous bacteria in rice field, which is beneficial to the growth and development of volvariella volvacea. When the temperature is low, shelter from the wind and the sun should be chosen, and when the temperature is high, it should be planted in cool and ventilated shade sheds, melon sheds and woods, so that a better yield can be obtained.

After selecting the cultivation site, you should first turn and hoe the land once, generally 15 ~ 20 cm deep, expose yourself to the sun for 3 days, and then prepare the land to make a bed, with a height of 15 ~ 20 cm, a width of about 1 meter, a general length of 5 ~ 6 meters, and a walkway between the bed and the bed 50 cm wide. The periphery of the border and the middle of the border are made into ridges about 10 centimeters wide and 10 centimeters high in order to produce more mushrooms. If the terrain is low, deep trenches should be opened around the field to drain water. For high and dry places, it should be made into a low border, the walkway is about 20 cm higher than the border, in order to keep wet.

After finishing the border surface, because the soil on the bed surface is relatively dry, water should be irrigated or drenched on the border surface the day before feeding, or tea cake water or ammonia water or bleach water should be poured directly on the border surface to eliminate pests and miscellaneous bacteria. Then sprinkle a layer of lime powder on the border and spray insecticides to eliminate pests and bacteria in the soil.

After the cultivation border is disinfected, the pre-stacked and fermented culture material is moved into the border surface and spread directly on the soil, which is thicker than the indoor bed cultivation material. The thickness of the waste cotton residue or cottonseed shell culture material is about 10 cm, the chopped rice straw culture medium needs to be paved with 15Lue 18 cm, and the long straw needs to be paved about 20 cm. After sowing, especially the rice straw medium, it is best to cover the material surface with a layer of fine soil, about 2cm. Cover it with plastic and uncover the film twice a day.

After sowing, the border surface is made of bamboo and hedge bamboo to form a circular arch scaffolding. The center of the scaffolding is 50 cm high from the border surface. The scaffolding is covered with plastic, and then covered with sunshade net or straw curtain, which can not only prevent direct sunlight on the border surface, but also keep warm and moisturize. The sowing method and management after sowing are the same as indoor bed cultivation.

Bag cultivation technique of straw mushroom

Straw mushroom bag cultivation is a relatively new cultivation method, which is a high-yield cultivation method of straw mushroom, and its per unit yield is about twice as high as that of traditional grass cultivation. The biological efficiency can reach 30ml / 40%.

1. Soak the straw: cut the straw into 2mur3 sections, which can be cut into about 5cm if possible, and soak it in 5% lime water for 8 hours. The water soaked in straw can be reused twice, and lime must be added each time.

2. Mixing material: pick up the straw and put it on the cement floor with a small slope, spread out and drain the excess water, or wring it manually, hold the straw tightly and drop one or two drops of water, that is, the suitable moisture, and the water content is about 70%. Then add auxiliary materials to mix evenly, so that all kinds of auxiliary materials are evenly distributed and adhered to in the straw. The commonly used recipes for mixing are as follows:

Formula ①: dried rice straw about 87% + wheat bran 10% + peanut cake powder or soybean powder 3%. + 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate.

Formula ②: 85% dried rice straw + 10% rice bran + 3% corn flour + 2% gypsum powder + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate.

Formula ③: dry rice straw 83.5% + rice bran 10% + peanut cake powder 3% + gypsum powder 2% + compound fertilizer 1.5%.

Formula ④: dry straw 56.5% + fertilizer soil 30% + rice bran 10% + gypsum powder 2% + compound fertilizer 1.5%.

3. Bagging: after fully mixing the material, choose a 24 cm × 50 cm polyethylene plastic bag, tie one end of the bag with coarse cotton thread and tie it 2 cm away from the mouth of the bag. Put the mixed culture material into a bag and press it while loading. The wet weight of each bag is 2. 5kg. Then tie the bag mouth tightly with cotton thread.

4. Sterilization: sterilize under normal pressure, heat the pot with high heat, make the temperature in the pot reach 100 ℃ as soon as possible and keep it for about 100 ℃ for 6 hours, then cease fire and move into the inoculation room.

5. Inoculation: inoculation with asepsis or inoculation box. The disinfection treatment of sterile room or inoculation box is the same as that of other edible fungi. When inoculating, untie the tie rope at one end of the bag, connect the volvariella volvacea strain, and tie the rope again. Untie the tie rope at the other end, also connect to the strain, and then tie the rope. A bottle (or bag) of bacteria can be inoculated with about 12 bags.

6. germ management: the inoculated bacterial bags are moved into the culture room and placed on the culture rack or stacked on the ground. The height of the bacterial bag should be determined according to the season, the heap with high temperature, the number of layers should be less, the temperature is low, and the number of layers can be increased appropriately. Generally, it is appropriate to stack 3MUE 4 layers. The temperature of the culture room should be controlled at 32 ℃. 4 days after inoculation, when the mycelium of the bag eats 2mi 3cm, loosen the tie rope at the mouth of the bag to increase the oxygen in the bag and promote the growth of mycelium. Under suitable conditions, the mycelium can grow in the whole bag in 13 days.

7. Mushroom production management: the mycelial bag is moved into the cultivation room, rolled up and discharged on the bedstead or stacked on the wall for 5 layers, covering with plastic film to increase the air relative humidity of the cultivation room to about 95%. After 3 days of management, the mushroom buds begin to form, and the film can be lifted at this time. When the mushroom buds grow to a small button, water can be sprayed on the mushroom bag, and the mushroom buds can be harvested when they reach the egg-shaped stage. Generally, 3 batches of mushrooms can be harvested.

Annual cultivation techniques of plastic foam house

Plastic foam house cultivation is the main way of annual cultivation of volvariella volvacea. It has good heat preservation and moisturizing performance, heat insulation in summer and heating in winter. The investment is low and the cost is low. There are few miscellaneous bacteria and high yield.

There are many kinds of plastic foam houses. At present, there are mainly two kinds, which are introduced as follows:

1. Two-bed type: the mushroom room is 5 meters long and 2.2 meters wide, with two rows of bed frames, each with four layers. The mushroom house is a wooden frame structure with an eight-shaped roof. First build the bedstead, then cover the film and foam board. The frame of the bed frame is built with Chinese fir square, and the wooden square specification is generally 4 cm × 4 cm or 3 cm × 3 cm. Each bed frame is 70 centimeters wide, the distance between layers is 0.6 meters, and the ground floor is about 0.4 meters from the ground. The aisle between the bedstead and the bedstead is about 0.6 meters wide. After the bed frame is built, cover the outside and top of the bed frame with plastic film, cover the plastic and then seal the foam board. The thickness of the foam board should be 2.5ml 3, and the film interface should be sealed with plastic tape. The joints of the two foam boards are compacted and nailed down with Chinese fir forest, and a door and window are opened at each end of the aisle. The top floor of the mushroom house is best covered with asbestos tiles in addition to plastic and foam board.

The aisle of the foam room is to build an underground stove with a diameter of 0.3 meters and a depth of 0.5 meters, with a grate at the bottom, air intake and air vents. The air inlet has a pipe leading to the outside of the mushroom room, and the exhaust outlet is connected to the heating pipe, which extends along the aisle to the other end wall of the mushroom room. Half of the pipeline is below the surface and half above the surface. The upper part of the furnace is tightly covered with cement plate, the heat in the furnace is distributed in the mushroom room through the pipe, and the smoke produced is discharged out of the mushroom room through the pipe. The mushroom house can be warmed and cultivated in winter.

2. Three-bed style: the mushroom room is 4 meters wide and 5 meters long, with three rows of bed frames, the left and right rows of bed frames 0.7 meters wide, the middle row of beds 1.2 meters 1.4 meters wide, and two walkways 0.6 meters wide. Others are ditto.

Volvariella volvacea cultivation technique of stacking grass

The longer straw and wheat straw cut from the rice field can be cultivated indoors, outdoors, in the greenhouse and under the fruit trees.

The size of the heap should be determined according to the external air temperature, the heap shape should be larger when the temperature is low, and the heap shape should be small when the temperature is high. Generally, when the temperature is about 25 ℃, the stack width is 75 meters and the height is about 35 centimeters; when the temperature is about 30 ℃, the reactor width is 70 centimeters and the height is about 30 centimeters; when the temperature is above 33 ℃, the stack width is 60 centimeters and the height is 25 centimeters. There are many ways to step on the heap, which are mainly introduced as follows:

1. Grass rolling: first, make the cultivation bed on the cultivation field, make up the bed, pour lime water or sprinkle lime powder on the border surface. In order to produce more "ground mushrooms", first sow a strain about 1.5 centimeters wide on the soil around the cultivation border, then step on the first layer of grass, just to suppress the bacteria. The straw soaked with 5% lime water is rolled into two sections with a rolling knife, and the straw is rolled and piled, the head of the straw is cut outward, the grass head is facing inward, one is close to the other, step on it tightly with your feet, fill the random straw in the middle of the pile, and water the straw properly according to the dry and wet of the straw. Around the first layer of grass, sow 1.5 cm wide bacteria about 2 cm from the edge of the pile. Then step on the second layer, and the straw handle just suppresses the fungus. The sowing method is the same as the first layer. Generally, the stack has 4 layers, the upper layer is about 2cm smaller than the lower layer, the pile grows in a trapezoid shape, and the top layer is sown with bacteria. After sowing, it is covered with a thin layer of straw, pressed tightly, stacked into a tortoise back shape, and the heap table is covered with plastic and straw. Generally 50 kilograms of rice straw sowing bacteria about 5 bottles, properly increase the amount of sowing, less miscellaneous bacteria, fast mushroom, high yield.

2. Soak the straw in 5% lime water for 6 hours, then twist the straw into an 8-shaped handle and tie it tightly with straw, each with a dry weight of about 0.25 kg. Other methods are the same as before.

3. Folding tail type: this method is suitable for long straw of more than 65 cm, each with a dry weight of about 0.4 kg. Tie the handle at 3 places near the grass head, requiring the grass head to be neat. When stepping on the heap, the grass head is on one side of the border and the grass tail is on the other side of the border. At the same time, turn the grass tail and step on the second layer. The direction of the grass head is opposite to the first layer and pressed on the first layer of grass tail. Other methods are the same as before.

Harvest of volvariella volvacea

Volvariella volvacea takes only about 12 days from sowing to harvest. Straw mushroom grows fast and is easy to open umbrella. in order to harvest in time, the suitable time for harvest of commercial straw mushroom is long buds and unopened umbrellas. During the peak production period, 2ml should be harvested three times a day. When harvesting, hold down the culture material with one hand and gently unscrew the fruiting body with the other, so as not to hurt the immature buds. For the mushrooms picked, the rotten grass and sediment at the base of the fruiting body should be removed with a sharp knife and sent to the market in time for fresh sale. In addition to fresh sales, it can also be processed into dried straw mushrooms and canned straw mushrooms.

After the first batch of mushrooms are collected, the second batch of mushrooms will usually be produced in 4 days. If the mushrooms are properly managed, they can be collected in 2 / 3 batches. But it is mainly the first batch of mushrooms, and generally the output of the first batch of mushrooms accounts for about 80% of the total output. Some mushroom houses usually harvest only one batch of mushrooms in order to improve the utilization rate of mushroom beds.

Main problems and Control measures in the cultivation of volvariella volvacea

1. The causes of the occurrence of ghost umbrella and its prevention and control measures.

Ink ghost umbrella and membrane ghost umbrella are the most common competitive miscellaneous bacteria in the cultivation process of volvariella volvacea. They like high temperature and high humidity, and generally appear one week after sowing or after mushroom emergence. Once they occur, they will pollute the material surface and consume a large amount of nutrients and water in the culture material, thus affecting the normal growth and development of straw mushroom hyphae, resulting in a reduction in volvariella volvacea production. Therefore, the key technical measures to improve the yield of volvariella volvacea are to control the occurrence of ghost umbrella and how to control it after occurrence. The causes and prevention measures of ghost umbrellas are introduced as follows:

The quality of raw materials for ① cultivation is not good. When cultivating volvariella volvacea, old and moldy raw materials are used as cultivation materials, which are prone to diseases and insect pests. Therefore, in cultivation, non-mildew-free raw materials must be selected, and the spores of miscellaneous bacteria should be killed by ultraviolet rays in the sun for 3 days before use.

The formula of ② culture material is unreasonable. The formula and treatment of cultivation materials also have a lot to do with the occurrence of ghost umbrellas. The requirement of nitrogen source of miscellaneous bacteria is higher than that of volvariella volvacea, so in the preparation of culture materials, such as adding too much cow dung and urea, the amount of ammonia in the culture material will be increased, which can lead to the occurrence of a large number of bacteria. Therefore, when urea and cow dung are added to the culture material as supplementary nitrogen sources, urea should be controlled at about 1% and cow dung at about 10%, and can only be used after full fermentation.

The pH value of ③ culture medium is too small. The pH value of culture material is also one of the important reasons for the occurrence of miscellaneous bacteria. Straw mushroom likes alkaline environment, while miscellaneous bacteria prefer acidic environment. Therefore, in the preparation of the culture material, the appropriate addition of lime is generally about 5% of the material. Increase the pH value and make the pH value of the culture material reach 8 murine 9. In addition, sprinkle a thin layer of plant ash on the material surface immediately after straw mushroom sowing or spray lime water after mushroom picking to adjust the pH value of the culture material, which can also inhibit the occurrence of ghost umbrellas and other miscellaneous bacteria.

The fermentation of ④ culture medium was not complete. The occurrence of ghost umbrellas can be caused by high water content of culture material, insufficient ventilation in the process of composting, low fermentation temperature during composting, no shaking after entering the room, and too much ammonia in the material. The secondary fermentation of the culture material can make the culture material ferment thoroughly, which is an important measure to prevent the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. It is also the key technology to increase the yield of volvariella volvacea.

In addition, the bacteria with miscellaneous bacteria, the temperature of the cultivation room is too high, poor ventilation, diseases and insect pests are also easy to occur. Once a ghost umbrella occurs on the mushroom bed, it should be removed in time to prevent the spread of spores. In addition, in the cultivation process of volvariella volvacea, the mycelium shrank and a large number of young mushrooms died.

2. Causes and control measures of mycelial atrophy.

Under normal circumstances, about 12 hours after sowing, the mycelium of volvariella volvacea germinated and grew into the material. If the mycelium still does not germinate or does not grow into the material 24 hours after sowing, or the mycelium shrinks during cultivation, the main reasons are:

The age of ① cultivated strain is too long. The mycelium of volvariella volvacea grows fast and senescence is also fast. If the mycelium does not germinate and the mycelium of the strain shrinks after sowing, it is often due to the storage under the condition of too long or too low temperature. Select the bacteria with appropriate age, generally choose the hyphae of the cultivated species to be sent to the bottom of the bottle for about a week to sow.

The temperature of ② culture medium is too high. If the culture material is too thick, the bed temperature will rise spontaneously, and if the temperature in the culture material exceeds 45 ℃, the hyphae will shrink or die. After sowing, pay close attention to the indoor temperature and material temperature. If the temperature is too high, timely measures should be taken to reduce the temperature, such as strengthening indoor ventilation, removing the plastic film covered by the material surface, space spray, prying loose in the material, pouring water on the ground and so on.

The water content of ③ culture material is too high. When sowing, the water content of the culture material is too high, more than 75%, so that the material is impervious, the plastic film is covered too strictly after sowing and does not lift for a long time, coupled with poor ventilation in the mushroom room, the mycelium of straw mushroom shrinks due to lack of oxygen.

The ammonia in ④ material is harmful. If too much urea is added to the culture material and covered with plastic film after sowing, the ammonia in the material will not volatilize, which will do harm to the mycelium of volvariella volvacea.

3. The causes and control measures of the death of a large number of young mushrooms.

In the production process of volvariella volvacea, it is common to see pieces of small mushrooms wilting and dying, which brings serious losses to the production of volvariella volvacea. There are many reasons for the death of young mushrooms, mainly as follows:

The culture material of ① is sour. Straw mushroom likes alkaline environment, pH value is less than 6 hours, although it can produce mushrooms, but it is difficult to grow, acidic environment is more suitable for the growth of green mold, yellow mold and other miscellaneous bacteria, competing for nutrition leads to the death of straw mushrooms. Therefore, when preparing the culture material, the pH value in the material should be increased appropriately. After harvesting, the mushroom can be sprayed with 1% lime water or 5% plant ash water to keep the pH value of the material around pH 8.

The temperature of ② material is low or the temperature changes abruptly. The growth of volvariella volvacea is very sensitive to temperature. When the feed temperature is lower than 28 ℃, the growth of volvariella volvacea is affected and even dies. If the temperature changes too much, in the event of a cold wave or typhoon, it will cause a sharp drop in temperature, which will lead to the death of young mushrooms and, in severe cases, big mushrooms.

③ uses water improperly. Volvariella volvacea has certain requirements for water temperature, which is generally similar to room temperature. Spraying about 20 ℃ of deep well water in hot summer will lead to the death of a large number of young mushrooms. Therefore, water spraying should be carried out in the morning and evening, and the water temperature should be about 30 ℃.

According to the different stages of growth and development of straw mushroom fruiting body, we should correctly master water spraying. If the fruiting body is too small, spraying too much water will lead to the death of young mushrooms. In the fruiting body needle stage and small button stage, the material surface must stop spraying water. If the material surface is dry, it can only be sprayed in the aisle of the cultivation room, and water can be poured on the ground to increase the air relative humidity.

④ damage caused by mushroom harvesting. The mycelium of volvariella volvacea is sparse and easy to be damaged. if the action during picking is too large, it will touch the surrounding culture material, resulting in mycelium fracture, surrounding young mushroom mycelium fracture and lack of water and nutrition supply. Therefore, the action should be as light as possible when picking mushrooms. When picking straw mushrooms, press the growth base of the mushrooms on one hand to protect other young mushrooms, and twist the mature mushrooms on the other. If there are dense clusters of raw mushrooms, they can be picked together to avoid the death of most immature mushrooms due to the impact of individual mushrooms.