High-yield cultivation techniques of Pleurotus ostreatus

Slippery mushrooms, also known as slippery mushrooms, bare-cap scale umbrellas, Japanese are called Naomi mushrooms. In botanical classification, it belongs to fungal phylum, subphylum basidiomycetes, basidiomycetes, Umbellifera, hyphomycetes and Umbelliferae. Is a rare variety, originated in Japan, since the mid-1970s, began in the southern part of Liaoning Province, and now the main producing areas are northern Hebei, Liaoning, Heilongjiang and other places.

Biological characteristics

1. Nutrition. Pleurotus ostreatus is a wood-rot fungus, which grows in broad-leaved trees in nature, especially in Fagaceae. Artificial cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus is based on sawdust, straw, rice bran, wheat bran and other agricultural by-products rich in lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and protein. The demand for auxin of Pleurotus ostreatus does not need to be added in the commonly used formula with rice bran and wheat bran as culture medium.

2. Temperature. The mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus can grow in the range of 5 ℃ ~ 32 ℃, and the optimum temperature is 22 ℃ ~ 25 ℃. The fruiting body can grow between 5 ℃ and 18 ℃, and when it is higher than 20 ℃, the fruiting body has thin cap, thin stalk, early opening of umbrella, less than 5 ℃, slow growth and almost no growth.

3. Light. The cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus does not need direct light, but must have enough scattered light. The hyphae can grow normally in the dark environment, but the light can induce the mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus to produce mushrooms. Some scattered light should be given in the stage of mushroom emergence. The light is too dark, the color of the cap is light, the stalk is slender, and the quality is poor, which will affect the yield.

4. Humidity. The suitable water content of mycelium culture material is 60%-65%. In the fruiting body formation stage, the water content of the culture material is 75%-80%, and the air relative humidity is 85%-95%.

5. Air. Pleurotus ostreatus is also an aerobic fungus, and the demand for oxygen is related to respiratory intensity. In early spring, at the beginning of inoculation, when the temperature is low and the mycelium grows slowly, a small amount of oxygen can meet the needs; with the increase of air temperature, the metabolism of mycelium increases, the amount of respiration increases, and the amount of mycelium increases, it is necessary to pay attention to the ventilation of mushroom room and the ventilation inside and outside the material package. During the mushroom emergence stage, the metabolism of the fruiting body is very exuberant, and fresh air is more needed. In the environment, such as the concentration of carbon dioxide is more than 1%, the fruiting body has small cap, fine stalk and early opening of the umbrella.

6. acidity and alkalinity. The pH of the culture material directly affects the activity of cell enzymes, and the mycelial growth of Pleurotus ostreatus needs a pH value of 5 to 6. The pH of the culture material made of sawdust, wheat bran and rice bran is generally 6-7, but the ph value decreases after heating and sterilization, and there is no need to adjust the ph value.

High-yield cultivation techniques

1. Cultivation season

Pleurotus ostreatus is a kind of fruiting fungus with low temperature and variable temperature. spring seeds and autumn seeds are generally used in northern China, and semi-clinker cultivation is suitable for cultivation. It is best to choose the early spring season when the temperature is below 8 ℃, and the best sowing time is from mid-February to mid-March.

2. Select excellent bacteria.

① variety selection. Pleurotus ostreatus can be divided into very early species (7 ℃ ~ 20 ℃), early species (5 ℃-15 ℃), mesophytic species (7 ℃-12 ℃) and late species (5 ℃-10 ℃) according to different temperature. Producers should select excellent varieties according to local climate, cultivation methods and purposes. At present, the main varieties in the main producing areas are Zaofeng 112, C31and so on.

② strain selection. When selecting bacteria, it is required not to degenerate and not to mix, the mycelia are white and fluffy from the outside, and the growth is dense, uniform and robust; the bacteria age is required to be in 50mur60 days, not aging, not shrinking, no stagnant water phenomenon; when selecting strains, they should be used in combination with various varieties, not a single variety, to prevent mushroom production from being too concentrated and affecting product sales.

3. The construction of Pleurotus ostreatus shed

A good cultivation site is the basic condition for the normal growth and development of Pleurotus ostreatus. Under the current production level and economic conditions in rural areas, free housing is generally used because of bad conditions, shed is used as mushroom, and Pleurotus ostreatus is cultivated in air-raid shelters, caves and other places, and most of them use a dual-purpose, that is, mycelium culture room and fruiting body growth and development room.

Now the standardized production generally adopts the shutter type mushroom shed, the height of the shed is 3.5m, and the culture shelf in the shed can be set up by layers of wood and bamboo poles. The height of the shed is 1.7m~1.8m, the width is 0.6m, the bottom layer is 0.2m from the ground, and the distance between the layers and shelves is 0.3m~0.4m. It is appropriate to set up seven layers with 0.8m walkway in the middle. Cement can also be used as a pillar to pull four No. 8 iron lines as a crossbar structure.

4. Commonly used formulations

① sawdust 77%, wheat bran (or rice bran) 20%, gypsum 2%, calcium superphosphate 1%, ph 6.0 muri 6.5, water content 60% muri 65%.

The formula currently promoted by ② is: sawdust 84%, wheat bran or rice bran 12%, corn meal 2.5%, gypsum 1%, lime 0.5%, ph 6.0 Mel 6.5, water content 60% Mel 65%.

5. Mixing material

Weigh the culture material in proportion, stir evenly, and add water according to the dry and wet of the raw material, so that the water content can reach 60%, 65%, and pile up for 30 minutes.

6. Sterilization

① adopts bulk sterilization steam type (inflatable boiler) layer by layer sterilization method. First of all, spread a layer of gunny bag on the drawer to avoid leakage, and then spread the culture material about 6cm~8cm on the drawer when the steam comes up (you can't press it with your hand or spade). When the atmosphere comes up, use a spade to spread the material layer by layer, so that the material is evenly distributed and keep the gas under pressure, so that it can be loaded layer by layer and filled with 8 points, that is, the material surface is loaded to 20cm away from the upper mouth. Cover, compaction, fire up to 100℃ after holding for 2 hours, and then stuffy 30-40 minutes while the pot can be hot, sterilization must be thorough, each pot is suitable for sterilization 200-500 plates (note the use of coarse sawdust as the main material should prolong the sterilization time).

② package. First of all, put the mold on the tray, soak the pre-cut film in the bully solution of 800x liquid or put it in the solution of 0.1% potassium permanganate for 10 minutes and then lay it on the mold, install the sterilized culture material on the plate while it is hot, and the temperature of the culture material should not be lower than 80 ℃, and the culture material in the bacteria plate should be compacted, compacted and wrapped.

7. Inoculation

Disinfection and preparation of ① inoculation room. First of all, the inoculation room should be disinfected, and each cubic meter should be disinfected with a disinfection box of 5 ~ 8 grams. The operator should make preparations before inoculation according to the operation requirements, spray the culture plate and all transportation and inoculation tools with 5% Lysol, and close the doors and windows to keep the indoor air still.

② inoculation method. When the material temperature drops to about 25 ℃, it can be inoculated according to the requirements of aseptic operation. Use 200 grams or 250 grams of bacteria per standard plate. Remove the old skin and primordium, break the strain into apricot-sized pieces, open the film, sprinkle the strain on the material surface, properly compact it with a sterilized pressure plate, fold the film and roll both ends up to prevent moisture evaporation. The production practice has proved that the proper increase of the amount of inoculation and the rapid growth of hyphae can prevent the occurrence of miscellaneous bacteria in the early stage.

8. Germ management

Management of ① mycelium germination and colonization period. The inoculation of Pleurotus ostreatus in the north is generally arranged from the middle of February to the middle of March, when the daily average temperature is about-6 ℃ ~ 5 ℃, which does not reach the minimum temperature for mycelial growth of more than 5 ℃. At this time, it is necessary to raise the temperature artificially. For example, if the bacteria are infected on the outdoor code plate, corn stalks or rice straw should be used to surround the stacks at night. Promote mycelial colonization and measure the material temperature every three or four days. When the temperature of the bacterial block is higher than 12 ℃, the bacterial disk should be placed on the shelf.

② mycelium expansion cover period management. The colonized mycelium gradually whitens and extends in all directions. With the increase of temperature, the growth of mycelium accelerates and grows into the material, but with the increase of temperature, miscellaneous bacteria will also spread and cause pollution. At this stage, the prevention of pollution should be taken as the center, the bacterial disk that is not on the shelf should be placed in the shape of "product", the stack height is less than 8 layers, and the temperature in the shed should be controlled at 8 ℃ ~ 12 ℃.

Long-term management of ③ hyphae. In the middle of April, the temperature rises and the mycelium has grown all over the disk. At this time, the respiration of the mycelium is strengthened, the oxygen demand is increased, and the heat is released. It is necessary to control the temperature at about 18 ℃ and increase the ventilation volume.

④ summer management. With the advent of the high temperature season in July and August, Pleurotus ostreatus has generally formed a yellowish-brown wax layer, which is elastic and has strong resistance to adverse environment, but if the temperature is more than 30 ℃, the mycelium in the mycelium will die due to high temperature and insufficient oxygen supply. Therefore, at this stage, shading should be strengthened, ventilation day and night, and double shading nets or water spray cooling facilities should be installed on the roof in addition to opening the skylight or pulling out the windshield. And anti-insect nets are installed at all vents to prevent adults from flying in or larvae from harming, and low-toxic and non-residual biological pesticides can be sprayed if necessary. Such as: spraying 20% bromothrin or permethrin, etc.

9. Management of mushroom production period

The temperature is stable at about 18 ℃ in the middle of August, and Pleurotus ostreatus has reached physiological maturity, so it can be managed by opening and producing mushrooms.

① smear bacteria. The bacterial membrane of the bacterial mass is too thick to produce mushrooms, so it is necessary to use a bamboo knife or iron nail to draw a line on the surface of the bacterial mass, vertically and horizontally into a lattice of about 2cm width. Cut through the bacterial membrane, the depth should be moderate, the general 1cm can be deep, the bacterial block is easy to break if the line is too deep. Then put it flat or standing on the shelf, spray water, adjust the room temperature to about 15 ℃, to promote the formation of fruiting body.

② temperature management. Pleurotus ostreatus belongs to low temperature type, which is suitable for fruiting body growth under the condition of 10-15 ℃, and the fruiting body forms slowly when it is higher than 20 ℃. The mushroom cover is small, the stalk is thin, the meat is thin, and the umbrella is easy to open. The fruiting body is resistant to low temperature and can grow at about 5 ℃, but it is not exuberant. Under the condition of variable temperature, the fruiting body grows very well, with many mushrooms, large mushroom body, thick meat, good quality and no miscellaneous bacteria. In the late autumn season after September, the natural temperature difference is large, so we should make full use of the natural temperature difference, strengthen management and promote mushroom production. When the temperature is low at night, the temperature of the mushroom is not less than 10 ℃, and when the temperature is high at noon, the temperature of the mushroom should be ventilated so that the temperature of the room is not higher than 20 ℃.

③ humidity management. Water is one of the important conditions for high yield of Pleurotus ostreatus. In order to ensure the need of water for the growth and development of Pleurotus ostreatus fruit body, we should spray water properly, increase the moisture of fungus (about 70%) and air humidity (about 90%), and spray water at least twice a day. The amount of water applied should be determined according to the indoor humidity and the growth of the fruiting body. The air humidity should be kept between 85% and 95%. If the weather is dry and the air flow is too large, you can appropriately increase the number of water spraying. The more fruiting bodies occur, the more vigorous the mushroom body grows, and the greater the metabolic capacity is, the more water needs to be applied. Matters needing attention when spraying water: sprayer should be used to spray water carefully and frequently, so that the water can slowly infiltrate into the fungus block through the surface line, and no rush water or flood water is allowed. When spraying water, the head of the sprayer should be higher to prevent the water from hitting the mushroom body. Heating equipment should be used in the mushroom room in winter. Water should not be sprayed before heating, but 2 hours after the room temperature rises.

④ ventilation management. During the mushroom emergence period, the respiration of mycelium increased and the oxygen demand increased obviously. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the indoor air fresh. When ventilating, pay attention to the change of temperature and humidity. If the natural temperature is high and the indoor ventilation is not good, it will not produce mushrooms or increase the number of deformed mushrooms. In addition, the vents and vents must be opened day and night when the mushrooms are produced in the season with high temperature, so as to make the air convection. Ensure that there is enough oxygen to supply the mushroom body.

Management of ⑤ lighting. The fruit body of Pleurotus ostreatus needs scattered light when it grows, the fungus should not be placed too dense, the room should not be too dark, if there is not enough scattered light, the color of the mushroom body is light, and the stalk is slender.

10. Harvest period management

Pleurotus ostreatus should be harvested before opening umbrellas. After opening umbrellas, the commercial quality of Pleurotus ostreatus will not only decline, but also cause infection because the spores fall on the bacterial plate after opening the umbrella. The harvest standard is determined according to the requirements of the purchaser. After harvesting the first tide mushroom, the water should be stopped for 2-3 days to restore the hyphae on the mushroom plate, accumulate nutrients, make the water content of the mushroom plate reach 70%, the air humidity in the shed reach 85%, strengthen ventilation, widen the temperature difference between day and night, and promote the formation of Erchao mushroom.