High-yield planting techniques of grass and fruit

Grass fruit is a plant of the genus Cardamom of Zingiberaceae, also known as grass nut, grass fruit. The stems are tufted, up to 3 meters high, the whole plant has a pungent aroma, and the underground part is slightly like ginger. Leaf blade oblong or oblong, 40-70 cm long, spikes unbranched, 13-18 cm long, Corolla red. Capsule dense, red when ripe, brown when dry, indehiscent, long oval. The seeds are polygonal with strong fragrance. The flowering period is from April to June and the fruiting period is from September to December. Growing in tropical and subtropical shady and moist forest areas, artificial cultivation is mainly in Yunnan. Its dried fruit is used as Chinese food seasoning and Chinese herbal medicine. Distributed in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou and other places in China. There is a special aroma, taste pungent, slightly bitter, grass fruit is a kind of seasoning spice, grass fruit has a special strong spicy flavor.

Botanical morphology

The whole plant consists of seven parts: root, rhizome, erect stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seed.

1. Root. The root system branches and supports the root (actually the rhizome) and the vegetative root. The supporting root is the lower part of the main stem that is as hypertrophic as ginger, coarsely jointed and walking across the rhizome. The vegetative root is a pink whisker root that grows on both sides and tip of the supporting root. It can grow to 1 Mel 2 meters long and absorb nutrients and water when it is buried in 10ml / 30cm.

2. Stem. The stem is divided into erect stem and rhizome. The erect stem is produced from the leaf buds on the transverse rhizome, tufted, up to 2.5ml 4 m high, dark green, with purplish red at the base, columnar jointed, erect or growing with the slope, and generally has 16 leaves. The rhizome extends creeping underground, also known as stolon, which produces new stolons symmetrically from the expansion of the base of the erect stem and the internodes of the rhizome to both sides, which plays the role of supporting and storing nutrients. When the rhizome grows to a certain extent, it will pull out new buds upward and grow into a new plant (erect stem) the following year. The latent buds in the scales on the rhizome can sprout flower buds and leaf buds, that is, flower buds can grow into spikes, and leaf buds can grow into erect stems.

3. Leaves. Leaves 2-row, shortly stipitate or sessile; leaf blade long elliptic or narrowly oblong, ca. 55 cm long and 20 cm wide, not apex acuminate, base attenuate, entire, leaf surface smooth glabrous; leaf sheath open, phimosis.

4. Flowers. The grass and fruit is a spike, which grows from the rhizome and is spherical in shape, with 60ml and 120 flowers per panicle. The flowers are bisexual, spirally arranged on the spike axis, and the florets are covered with purplish red bracts, so the appearance of the unopened spike is purplish red. When it is open, it will gradually blossom in a clockwise spiral from the bottom up, and the flowers that bloom first will give thanks first.

5. Fruit. The fruit of grass fruit is an indehiscent frontal fruit, which is rich in fiber and has a hard texture after drying. the fruit is shaped like a hammer, ovoid or subglobose, spirally densely growing on a spike axis. There are 60 fruits per ear, each fruit is 2.5 Mel 4 cm long and 1.4 Mel 2 cm in diameter, its part has short fruit stalk, young fruit bright red, fuchsia when ripe, brown after baking, non-cracking, with Bremsstrahlung and hard, with relatively neat straight fiber.

6. Seeds. There are 66 seeds in the fruit of each grass fruit. The seeds are polygonal, about 0.4 ~ 0.7 cm long and 0.3 ~ 0.5 cm wide. Each seed grain is surrounded by a white spongy film. Kind of kernel white, with strong fragrance and spicy taste. The average 1000-grain weight is 120ml 140g, and there are about 6000Mel 7,000 fresh seeds per kilogram.

The use of grass and fruit

1. Edible value

Grass fruit is a kind of seasoning spice, which is an indispensable necessity in the daily life of urban and rural people in our country. grass fruit has a special strong spicy flavor, can remove fishy smell, enhance appetite, is a good cooking seasoning, is known as "one of the five spices" in food seasoning. When stewing beef and mutton, put some grass fruit, not only fragrant and delicious, but also to ward off the stench, therefore, grass fruit has always been a tight commodity. It is more popular in areas where beef and mutton are often eaten, such as * *, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xizang, Shaanxi and so on.

2. Medicinal value

The taste of grass and fruit is pungent and warm, it has the function of warming the stomach, dispelling cold and dampness, detoxifying alcohol and removing bad breath. Fruit medicine can treat heartache, food accumulation, diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, cough and phlegm, chest fullness and abdominal distension. The medicinal functions of herbs and fruits, such as "seeking the original of Materia Medica", "Compendium of Materia Medica" and other ancient books have been recorded.

3. Ecological value.

Because the living environment of grass and fruit is in the mountain depression under the evergreen broad-leaved forest, it does not compete with other crops for land, but also can make full use of forest resources, protect evergreen broad-leaved forest, conserve water and soil, and create a good ecological environment for stable and high yield of agriculture.

4. Economic value

The cultivation of grass and fruit has many benefits, it can blossom and bear fruit after three years, enter the full fruit period after seven years, and bear fruit for about 20 years in a row, generally can grow for several decades. In addition, its management is relatively extensive and the investment is low.

Planting measures of grass and fruit

(1) the propagation technology of grass and fruit. There are two methods for the reproduction of grass and fruit: seed propagation and individual plant propagation.

1. Ramet reproduction (asexual reproduction)

Ramet propagation is to cut part of the rhizome with stem and fibrous root from the fruited grass and fruit plants as seedlings, and the plants used as seedlings should choose erect stems with strong growth and full leaf buds, and the ramet time is generally carried out in winter and spring. When ramet, use a hoe or machete to cut a section of rhizome 20 Mel 40 cm long from the base of the upright stem, and cut the upper part of the erect stem (about 30 cm) into an oblique orifice. The seedlings should be strictly prevented from damage or breaking leaf buds before the new root system grows, so as to maintain a certain amount of nutrient water. When ramet transplanting, it is necessary to make a southward mark on the plant (marking the south side of the stem). Although it is a shade-tolerant plant, it also has a certain response to light. Ramet reproductive growth is strong, 2-3 years can quickly form a population flowering and fruiting, 6-7 years can enter the full fruit stage.

2. Seed reproduction (sexual reproduction)

Generally, large-area cultivation of grass and fruit is mainly the use of seeds for seedling propagation. In order to cultivate strong seedlings and achieve the goal of fast growth, stable yield and high yield, several main links must be strictly done, such as seed harvest, preservation, correct selection of nursery site, soil preparation and seedling stage management.

(1) Fruit picking and seed selection. Seeds are the basis for the cultivation of strong seedlings. Generally, the mother plants of grass and fruit should be 6-10 years old, with complete population or plant, good development, exuberant growth, many fruits, no diseases and insect pests and no mechanical damage. Grass fruit seeds should choose fully mature fruits with good skin luster, large fruit, full grains and no damage. The seeds in the fruit are silver gray, and those with sweet taste are the best. Each ear should abandon the extra-large and extra-small fruit at its head and tail, choose its middle fruit, and the seeds of each fruit should also abandon the grains at both ends of its fruit, and choose full, glossy middle seeds as seeds. The seed collection time is from November to December. Generally speaking, the fresh fruit can only be stacked for about 15 days after picking. If the time is too long, it is easy to mildew and affect the budding rate.

(2) seed treatment. Because there is a layer of white glial fiber filamentous membrane outside the seed, it is difficult for water and oxygen to penetrate into the embryo. If the filamentous membrane is not removed, the seed germination will be affected. Therefore, it is necessary to rub the seed repeatedly with plant ash or fine sand. Remove the thin film from the surface of the seed before sowing.

(3) the choice of nursery land. The condition of nursery has a direct impact on the growth of seedlings. In order to make the sown seeds develop normally and facilitate transplanting when coming out of the nursery, the nursery should be close to the transplanting site. Select forest soil with good drainage and irrigation conditions, deep soil layer, loose soil, and more organic matter; the slope is 5rel 15 degrees, and the slope direction is northeast or northwest semi-shady slope; shade degree is required to be 3060%, and nursery is set up under evergreen broad-leaved forest, artificial shed can also be used to meet shade conditions. Do not raise seedlings on nursery land for many years and mature land where melons, fruits and vegetables are often planted.

(4) soil preparation and sowing. Fine soil preparation is the key to cultivate strong seedlings, which is beneficial to improve soil permeability. For the quality and method of soil preparation, it is generally required to turn the topsoil 10 Mel 20 cm deep, fumigate the soil, break the soil, pick out weeds and stones, make the soil fully fine, and mix well with the base fertilizer before sowing.

According to the experience of raising seedlings, the nursery should apply more rotten organic fertilizer and appropriate amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Sowing and strip sowing can be used for sowing. The best sowing time is December. The seeds sown in winter have strong germination ability, high seedling emergence rate and neat growth because they are not stored after picking. The seeds are sown and covered with shallow fine soil after sowing, and strip sowing is used. The distance between the sowing ranges is 5ml / 6cm, and the distance between each seed is 2cm. After sowing, the seeds are covered with shallow fine soil, so that the seeds are not exposed. The sowing rate is generally 10 kg per mu, and the emergence rate is 60% 80%. 50000 Mu of seedlings can be produced per mu, and the seedlings cultivated in one mu of nursery land can be planted on a large area of 150 Mu and 200 mu.

(5) Seedling stage management

Weeding and seedling intercropping are the basic measures of seedling management. The standard of management is to remove weeds in order to facilitate the growth and development of seedlings. The number of weeding depends on the specific situation. The best time for seedlings is about 10 cm in height.

Seedling management should also pay attention to drought prevention and strong sunlight, so that according to the drought watering, often keep the seedbed moist, in case of strong sunshine weather, should build a shade shed to prevent the emergence of burning seedlings. It can be transplanted when the seedling is about 45 cm high (4 mi 5 leaves). The best transplanting time is from June to July, and it can also be transplanted at the end of autumn.

(2) selection and arrangement of grass and fruit orchards

1. The choice of garden. The conditions for the growth of grass and fruit require that the shady slopes of forest yellow soil and brown soil with deep humus at an altitude of 1,200 meters and canopy density between 0.5 and 0.7, the soil should be kept moist all the year round, and the air relative humidity should be maintained at 80%.

2. The arrangement of the garden. Time for soil preparation. The planting time should not be affected. It is generally suitable for late summer and early autumn, when the rainfall is less, the temperature is high, the sunshine is long, the growth of weeds is large, and the seeds are not yet mature, it is more beneficial to expose the empty ponds and soil dug out by the sun. To achieve the purpose of improving soil permeability and fully eliminating diseases, insects and weeds. First of all, clean up the weeds and comb the branches to adjust the canopy density according to the specific conditions of the woodland. Hit the pond according to the planting specification and return to the pond for 30 days after drilling. When returning to the pond, you should first fill in weeds, litter and surface soil, accounting for about 20cm of the pond depth, and then use the topsoil mixed with bottom fertilizer to fill it back to be turtle back.

(3) transplanting and daily management

The main results are as follows: 1. Seedling transplanting. Generally, the row spacing is 1.5 × 2m, and the specification of pit pond is 80 × 80 × 40mm. At this time, because the seedlings have formed roots and stems, they can quickly return to normal function, grow fast, and resist adverse conditions after planting. Therefore, this method should be adopted in all areas where conditions permit. In order to improve the survival rate and ensure the quality of transplanting, the seedlings used in transplanting should grow healthily. Generally, the height of the seedlings is 35ml 40cm, the diameter is more than 1cm, and there are 12 roots with no diseases and insect pests and no mechanical damage. When transplanting, 3 seedlings were planted in each pond according to the planting density. It is necessary to make the roots of seedlings stretch naturally in the pond and press them with their feet after filling, so that the roots are closely combined with the soil. In the process of planting, attention should be paid to protect the seedlings from damage, especially the roots should not be exposed and exposed for too long, and the endless seedlings should be pseudo-planted in the shade to avoid water loss and wilting.

2. Ramet transplantation. The row spacing of ramet transplant is generally 1.5 × 3m, and the specification of pit pond is 70 × 60 × 40mm. The ramets were divided according to the way described in the ramet breeding method, and then transplanted into the pond according to the southward marking. When transplanting, the stem and fibrous root were buried in the soil, which was 8 mi 10 cm from the surface, compacted with soil and covered with fine soil.

(4) Management of grass orchard

1. Juvenile management of grass and fruit.

This period is 3 years after transplanting from the seedlings. In the young period, due to the formation of groups, poor adaptability, weak adaptability and vulnerable to weeds and shrubs, weeds should be weeded three times a year in the young period. It is carried out for the first time before the rainy season to ensure that the plant has sufficient water absorption during the rainy season. The second time can be carried out from July to August, during this period, due to high temperature and sufficient rainfall, plants and weeds are growing vigorously. Weeds in the forest should be removed in time, and the third time should be combined with topdressing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and plant ash in November-December in winter. In this way, the capillaries on the ground are cut off, and the moisture in the soil can be preserved to reduce cold damage and drought in the dry season. When weeding each time, put the cut weeds in the middle of or around the two plants and let them rot to increase soil fertility, while at the same time moisturizing and promoting fibrous root growth.

In the tending and management, the seedlings that are not planted correctly should be cultivated in time, and the dead seedlings should be found, and those missing ponds should be replanted in time, so as not to affect the yield per unit area due to too many ponds.

2. Management of mature age of grass and fruit.

After 3-5 years of planting, the ramet grew faster, and the mother plant formed a population after continuous ramet, then blossomed and fruited and entered the adult stage. This period is the most economically valuable period in the cultivation of grass and fruit. Most of the grass and fruit in our village blossom in the third year after transplanting, bear fruit in the fourth year, and enter the full fruit period after the seventh year. The length of this stage is closely related to the level of nurturing management. If the cultivation and management is done well, it can bear fruit for more than 20 years, on the contrary, the output value will decrease significantly after the 10th year. During this period, the demand for water of grass and fruit is increasing continuously. therefore, timely tending management is the most important measure to adjust the supply of water and fertilizer, increase yield and prolong economic life according to the different periods of growth and development of grass and fruit.

The tending and management of mature grass and fruit orchards should be carried out at any time according to site environmental conditions and plant growth conditions, such as weeding, fertilization, soil cultivation, adjustment of shade and so on. In case of drought, it is necessary to open ditches and divert water for irrigation. when too much rainfall causes falling flowers and rotten buds, you can cut off the surrounding grass or use artificial care to remove sundries around the buds to make them ventilated and transparent, so as to prevent tender fruits from rotting. When the grass and fruit blossoms, we should pay attention to protect the roots and seedlings to prevent rodent damage. Big upbringing management needs to be carried out three times a year. The first time is from March to April, which is the flowering season of grass and fruit. in order to prevent weeds competing for water and fertilizer and litter covering flowers and ears, affecting grass and fruit flowering and insect pollination, it is necessary to remove the surrounding weeds and the litter in the lower part of the plant in time. The second time should be carried out from July to August, mainly to remove weeds, concentrate nutrients and promote fruit growth and grain fullness. The third time should be carried out after fruit harvest from October to November, while weeds were removed, the withered, residual and diseased stems were cut off in the same year, so as to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the forest and promote the differentiation of flower and leaf buds.

Fertilization and soil cultivation of grass and fruit

1. Fertilization in grass and fruit woodland.

Fertilization in grass and fruit woodland can be divided into adult fertilization and juvenile fertilization. Fertilization in both periods is very important. The general infancy is about 3 years after planting to before flowering. During this period, the humus in the soil layer of the woodland is rich, the soil is moist and loose, and the soil is very fertile. After the seedlings are planted, nutrients are absorbed locally, and the upper layer is constantly supplemented by fallen leaves rotting on the ground to form new fertilizer sources. The nutrition needed at the young age is basically guaranteed. Therefore, according to the growth of seedlings, it is only necessary to apply some phosphorus and potassium fertilizer or plant ash in winter to enhance the cold resistance of the plant. However, for thin and barren soil, it must be applied frequently, thinly applied farm manure, chemical fertilizer and so on as nutrients.

After the grass fruit enters the adult stage, it will blossom and bear fruit every year, because the plant grows in a fixed place, the soil nutrients are continuously consumed for plant growth, flowering and fruit, and the woodland nutrients are insufficient. If it is not replenished in time, it will directly affect the growth of grass and fruit, and the yield will decrease year by year, thus greatly shortening the economic life of grass and fruit. Therefore, it is necessary to apply fertilizer in time, usually after grass and fruit harvest from November to December. After cutting off the old plants, 1.5 kg of rotten dry fine farm manure, 0.5 kg of calcium magnesium phosphorus and 5 kg of humic soil (mountain base soil) are applied to each clump, and then sprinkled directly under the grass and fruit clump.

2. Cultivation of grass and fruit land

As the grass and fruit is a perennial evergreen herb, and the rhizome spreads along the surface, it is impossible to thoroughly loosen the soil and dig deeply on the ground after cultivation, otherwise the flagellum root can be easily cut off, and the senile "loose" plants should be cultivated in an appropriate amount every year to promote the ramet and root growth of the plant. generally, it is not appropriate to cultivate too much soil, it is advisable not to cover the buds that walk across the rhizome, and do not cultivate soil in flowering season, otherwise the buds of grass and fruit will be covered up. Cause decay and reduce production. The time of soil cultivation should be about 12 months after grass and fruit harvest, which can be combined with fertilization.

Pest control

The diseases and insect pests of grass and fruit are less, and the relatively serious damage is mainly caused by the blight of seedlings, which occurs from March to April, and when it is serious, it will cause falling seedlings, control methods.

1. Disinfect the soil before sowing.

2. Use 1 after the seedlings are unearthed. one. 120 times Bordeaux solution to prevent.

3. After the onset of the disease, remove the diseased plant, remove the lime powder around the diseased plant, and spray 1000 carbendazim solution every 7 days for 3 times in a row.

Timely harvest

The fruit must be harvested in real time after the fruit is fully ripe, the main yield must be affected prematurely, and it should be baked and processed in time after harvest, so as not to affect the quality.

In order to improve the quality of grass and fruit products, the picked grass and fruit should be dried in the sun immediately or dried over a low fire, otherwise mildew will easily occur. When baking, you should master the heat, the fire will be scorched, the small fire will turn into moldy grass and fruit. Therefore, when baking, the firepower should be uniform, the furnace temperature should be kept at 50 ℃-60 ℃, and it should be turned frequently to make the grass and fruit heated evenly. You can also blanch the grass fruit in boiling water for 3 minutes, spread it in the sun and dry it in the sun, then bake it over a gentle fire or spread it in the room for 7 days to get dried fruit when it turns brown.